범죄에 대한 두려움: 다수준 상호작용효과 분석
Fear of Crime: Cross-level interaction effect on theFear of Crime
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초록
본 연구는 개인적 특성의 효과가 어떠한 방식으로 지역적 특성들과 상호작용을 하는지를 다층모형을 통해서 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 범죄에 대한 두려움에 대해서 영향을 미치는 개인적 요인과 지역적 요인, 그리고 두 수준간의 상호작용을 살펴보았다. 개인적 요인과 지역적 요인이 범죄에 대한 두려움에 영향을 미치는 결과를 살펴본 결과, 피해경험과 취약성으로 대변되는 개인적 요인들인 성별, 연령(대), 위험인지(피해가능성), 취약성(피해가능성, 방어능력, 피해심각성), 교육수준, 그리고 범죄피해경험은 독자적으로 개인들이 느끼는 범죄에 대한 두려움에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 지역적 요인들 중 지역사회의 사회적 무질서, 비공식적 통제, 경찰만족도, 그리고 생활만족도 등 또한 개인들이 느끼는 범죄에 대한 두려움에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 범죄에 대한 두려움을 설명하는데 있어, 개인적 차원의 설명과 지역적 차원의 설명이 서로 배타적인 것이 아니라 상호작용할 것이라는 전제 하에 살펴본 결과 역시 몇몇 지역적 요인은 맥락적 조절효과를 발휘하고 있음을 보여주었다. 지역의 사회적 유대 수준은 개인의 특성 중 연령(대)과 위험인지와 유의미한 상호작용을 보여주었고, 지역의 방범수준은 개인의 특성 중 연령(대)과 취약성(피해가능성)의 효과를 조절하는 맥락적 효과를 보여주었다. 이 외에도, 지역의 경찰만족도와 삶의 만족도 등은 개인적 특성의 효과를 완충하거나 증폭하는 조절적 효과를 보여주는 맥락적 효과를 보여주었다. 즉, 이러한 결과는 범죄에 대한 두려움에 있어 개인 간의 차이의 크기가 지역적 수준에 따라 변화하게 된다는 맥락효과를 지지하는 것이라 할 수 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the cross-level interaction effect on the Fear of Crime. The results from HLM analysis showed that there are some kinds of cross-level interaction effects on the Fear of Crime. For example, the individual factors such as the level of risk perception, and vulnerability-perception of likelihood interact with community factors such as social trust, the level of security, police satisfaction, life satisfaction and so on. In case of age(group), older people tend to feel less fear of crime, and in the area of high security or social trust, the effect of age tends to be accelerated. In other words, older people tend to feel far less fear of crime in the condition of high social trust or high security. In terms of vulnerability(high likelihood), those who feel high level of likelihood are likely to have more fear. In the area of high police satisfaction, the effect of vulnerability(high likelihood) tends to go down. But in the area of high security, the effect of vulnerability(high likelihood) tends to grow faster. It is obvious that the fear of crime is influenced not only by individual factors but also by community-level factors. More importantly, however, the individual effects are conditioned by some community factors either positively or negatively depending on the contextual effect.
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