항공교통관제사의 전문성이 상황인식에 미치는 영향
The Effect of Expertise on Air Traffic Controller's Situation Awareness
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초록
본 연구는 항공교통관제사의 숙련 정도가 정상 및 비정상 관제상황에 따라 상황인식 수행에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보았다. 이를 위해 관제사들을 전문성의 정도에 따라 초보자와 전문가 집단으로 나누고 상황의 특수성에 따른 상황인식 수행의 차이와 전문가와 초보자의 작업기억이 상황인식 수행에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보았다. 실험 1은 전문가와 초보자 관제사에게 정상적, 비정상적 관제상황을 달리 제시하여 상황인식 과제의 수행 차이를 알아보았고, 추가적으로 작업기억 사용을 방해하는 과제를 제시하여 상황인식에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보았다. 그 결과, 비정상적 상황은 전문가 집단의 상황인식에는 큰 영향을 주지 못하였으나 초보자 집단의 상황인식에는 현저하게 낮은 상황인식 수행을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 방해과제를 부여 했을 때 관제사들의 상황인식 정확도는 전반적으로 떨어졌지만, 전문가 집단은 초보자 집단에 비해 높은 정확성이 유지하였다. 실험 2는 작업기억 용량 과제를 이용하여 상황인식 수행에 영향을 끼친다고 여겨지는 작업기억 용량이 전문가와 초보자 사이에 차이가 나타나는지 확인하였다. 그 결과, 작업기억 용량은 전문가와 초보자 간의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과들은 상황인식의 각 단계 수행이 관제사의 전문성에 의해 나아질 수 있다는 사실을 알려주고 있으며, 관제사의 전문성 개발 및 훈련의 필요성을 시사해주고 있다.
Abstract
This research examined air traffic controller performance on situation awareness (SA) tasks for routine and non-routine situations. Additionally, the difference of working memory capacity between novices and experts was analyzed. To assess SA performance, participants were asked to answer the query after the simulation was frozen. We employed 2*2*2 mixed factorial design including the between-subjects variable of air traffic controller expertise (novices, experts) and the within-subjects variables of the normality of situation (routine, non-routine), and the distracter task (yes, no) and then assessed the capacity of working memory. The results suggest that experts' performance significantly remained higher than novices for non-routine situations. When the distracter task was given, experts' SA accuracy was significantly higher than novices for both routine and non-routine situations. However, there is no difference in working memory capacity between experts and novices. These findings suggest that the performance on SA task was affected by the expertise of the professional development and training.
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