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IT시장에서 DRM의 반경쟁적 이용사례와 경쟁법의 적용

Digital Right Management (‘DRM’) and the Competition Policy -Focusing on the anti-competitive uses of the technical protection measures under the current U.S. legal regime-

정혜련
한국상사판례학회 (The Korea Commercial Cases Association)|2014.09|상사판례연구 (Commercial Cases Review)|제27권 제3호|pp. 189-233|DOI 10.22864/kcca.2014.27.3.006

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참고문헌

키워드

저작권법시장획정디지털권리관리market definition기술보호조치IT시장반경쟁효과동태적시장Digital Right ManagementTechnology Protection MeasureThe Digital Millenium Copyright ActInformation Technology marketsanti-competitive impactsdynamic market
주제분류법학

초록

디지털 저작물의 보호를 위한 TPMs(Technology Protection Measures)와 DRMs(Digital Right Management Measures)는 전통적으로 저작권이 예상하고 있던 보호수준 이상의 기술적 보호수단을 저작권자에게 제공한다. 그러나 저작권을 보호하기 위한 이러한 보호조치는 기술적으로 완전할 수 없다. 시간이 흐름에 따라서 새로운 기술이 개발되고 기술적 보호조치는 그 한계를 노출하게 되며, 저작권을 충분히 보호하지 못하게 된다. 따라서 저작권자는 이러한 흠결을 보충할 수 있는 강력한 법적 보호수단을 요구하게 된다. 이러한 요구에 부응하여 우리나라와 미국의 의회는 기술적 보호조치의 무력화를 금지하는 규정을 저작권법(DMCA, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act)에 두고 있다. 저작권법과 DMCA가 기술적 보호조치인 DRM을 법률에 수용하고 적극적으로 보호함으로써, 저작권법과 DMCA는 저작권자에게 “준저작권(para-copyright)”으로 지칭될 수 있는 새로운 권리를 수여한 것으로 평가될 수 있다. 그러나 DRM에 대한 저작권법과 DMCA의 강력한 보호수단은 저작권자에게 새로운 재산권을 수여한 것으로 볼 수는 없다. 오히려 DRM에 대한 강한 보호는 이 글에서 논하고 있는 바와 같이 IT시장에서 반경쟁적 효과를 야기할 수 있는 위험을 안고 있다. 즉, DRM에 대한 강한 법적보호는 그 의도와 달리 오히려 관련 산업의 혁신을 저해할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 저작권의 강화경향이 아날로그 저작권 보호에 기초하여 자리 잡고 있는 저작권법의 규율틀(Gesetzesrahmen)을 왜곡하여 시장 내 경쟁을 왜곡할 수 있다는 점을 구체적으로 미국의 사례를 통해 확인해 본다. 끝으로 이 글은 정태적 시장에 기반을 두고, 동태적 시장의 특성을 반영하지 못하는 경쟁법을 IT시장에 적용하기 위하여 필요한 고려사항을 검토한다. 즉, 아직 시장에 등장하지 않은 기술과 비시장적 상품, 정보상품의 특성, 그리고 이 상품의 경쟁력으로 작용하는 비가격적 요소 등을 관련시장의 획정, 경쟁사업자 및 경쟁상황 평가에 종합적으로 고려할 필요가 있다. 그러나 이러한 판단은 아직도 분명한 기준이 제시되고 있지는 못하다.

Abstract

In this article, I will focus simply on one narrow and specific part likely to emerge from IT markets in the United States: the implications of the combination of technologies known as Technology Protection Measures (“TPMs”) and Digital Right Management (“DRM”) measures with the U.S. anti-circumvention legal regime governed by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”). Then, this article provides the harms from these legal regime and gives implications for regulating the IT market in Korea. While traditional markets has the common characteristics which are measured with the general competitive analyses, Information Technology (“IT”) markets are characterized by special and unique features that are discussed in this article. That is, competition in IT markets is dynamic; nonmarket based information production models (“peer production”) play a significant role in IT markets; and IT markets are usually data markets rather than product markets. The combination of the legal rule prohibiting circumvention of technological measure under the DMCA and the use of DRMs, created a new regime, the DRM/DMCA regime, which bestows the entertainment industry with a new and strong right to control the access to and use of the copyrighted work. Under the some circumstances, the use of such a strong right under the DRM/DMCA regime may have anti-competitive impacts in IT markets. A recent examples for such allegedly anti-competitive use of the DRM/DMCA regime can be found in the litigations initiated by movie studios and the DVD CCA against two IT companies, Kaleidescape and RealNetworks. These cases demonstrate the attempts of the entertainment industry to block the marketing of technological devices or software products that allow their end users to upload the content of their DVD to the device's hardware and replay it afterwards from the device itself or their own PC. The key question addressed in this article is the limits of the conceptual framework of antitrust law and of copyright law for regulating possible anti-competitive effects of the DRM/DMCA regime on competition in IT markets in the U.S., given the unique features of IT markets. In conclusion, given the setbacks in the regulation under copyright law, it seems necessary to conduct further study on the application of antitrust enforcement standards. Under this study, it would be necessary to examine how antitrust enforcement standards should be changed in order to adequately address the unique features of IT markets discussed in this article.

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