자기초점주의가 자전기억의 과일반화와 우울에 미치는 효과: 자기초점주의의 적응성과 부적응성
Adaptive and Maladaptive Effects of Self-Focused Attention on Over-general Autobiographical Memory and Depression
1
조회
0
다운로드
36
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 일반적 및 몰입적 자기초점주의가 자전기억 과일반화와 우울에서 각각 적응적인 것과 부적응적인 것으로 구분되는지, 그리고 자기초점주의와 우울의 관계에서 자전기억 과일반화의 조절효과와 매개효과가 있는지를 밝혀보고자 시도되었다. 본 연구의 대상은 199명의 남여 대학생들로, 이들에게 자기초점주의 척도(이지영 등, 2005), 자전기억검사(Mackinger 등, 2000), 및 우울검사(CES-D)를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 일반적 및 몰입적 자기초점주의 모두 우울과 정적 상관이 있었으나, 긍정적 및 부정적 자전기억 일반화 점수와 우울 간에는 유의미한 상관이 없었다. 중다회귀분석 결과 몰입적 자기초점주의만 우울을 정적으로 예언해주는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 우울에 대해 몰입적 자기초점주의와 부정적 자전기억 일반화 간의 상호작용 효과는 유의미하지 않아 자전기억 과일반화의 조절효과는 확인되지 않았고, 몰입적 자기초점주의와 우울의 관계에서 부정적 자전기억 과일반화의 매개효과도 확인되지 않았다. 결론적으로 자기초점주의 중 몰입적 요인만 우울에 대해 부적응적으로 작용한다는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과들에 대해 논의하였고, 향후 임상 실제에서 우울증 환자의 몰입적 자기초점주의를 비몰입적인 방향으로 전환시키는 것이 도움이 될 수 있음을 제언하였다.
Abstract
The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) Does self-focused attention distinguish two different types - that is adaptive one and maladaptive one - of an over-general autobiographical memory and depression? 2) Does an over-general autobiographical memory act as a moderator or a mediator in the relationship between self-focused attention and depression. The adaptive one was named “the General Self-focused Attention”, which is defined as the degree of attention that an individual pays to the self, and the maladaptive one was named “the Self-Absorption”, which is defined as the tendency of constantly giving excessive attention to one's specific aspects and having difficulty turning his attention to other aspects or the external environment. 199 undergraduates completed the Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social Situations (SDSAS; Lee & Kwon, 2005), the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Mackinger, Loschin, & Leibetseder, 2000) and the CES-D. The results were as follows; Individuals with a high Self-Absorption score reported more depression, and Self-Absorption was found to be a good predictor of depression. Self-Absorption was confirmed to be maladaptive self-focused attention on depression. On the other hand, General Self-focused Attention was not confirmed as adaptive. Neither the moderating nor the mediating effects of an over-general autobiographical memory on the relation between self-focused attention and depression were supported by the study's findings. Therefore, an intervention strategy for decreasing the maladaptive self-focused attention is needed for the treatment of depression.
참고문헌 (58)
- 김지혜, "자기초점화주의가 불안에 미치는 영향", 박사, pp.1991
- 도상금, "외상 경험 및 우울과 자서전적 기억의 일반화", 한국심리학회지 임상, 22(2) (2003), 한국임상심리학회
- 왕미란, "완벽주의,자의식 및 우울성향간의 관계", 석사, pp.1995
- 이지영, "자기초점적 주의 성향 척도의 개발: 사회적 상황을 중심으로", 한국심리학회지 임상, 24(2), pp.451~464 (2005), 한국임상심리학회
- 정승아, "‘부적응적 자기초점화 척도’의 개발 및 타당화 연구", 한국심리학회지 임상, 23(1), pp.471~482 (2004), 한국임상심리학회
- 조맹제, "주요우울환자의 예비평가에서 the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale(CES-D)의 진단적 타당성 연구", 신경정신의학, 32, pp.381~398 (1993)
- 최미례, "스트레스와 우울의 관계에 대한 자아존중감의 중제효과와 매개효과", 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(2), pp.363~383 (2003)
- 최이순, "우울증과 초점주의의 대상 및 내용", 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), pp.330~343 (1991)
- Abramson, L. Y., "Depression, nondepression and cognitive illusions: a reply to Schwart", Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 110, pp.436~447 (1981)
- Anderson, E. M., "Factor structure of the private self-consciousness scale", Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, pp.144~152 (1996)
- Beck, A. T., "Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspect" (1967), Harper & Row
- Beck, A. T., "Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders" (1976), International University Press
- Brittlebank, A. D., "Autobiographical memory in depression: state or trait marker?", British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, pp.118~121 (1993)
- Buss, A., "Self-consciousness and social anxiety" (1980), W. H. Freeman
- Carver, C. S., "Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view", Psychological Review, 97, pp.19~35 (1990)
- Clark, D. M., "A cognitive model of social phobia in Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment", pp.69~93 (1995), The Guilford Press
- Creed, A. T., "The two faces of private self-consciousness: self report, peer-report, and behavioral correlates", European Journal of Personality, 12, pp.411~431 (1998)
- Dalgleish, T., "Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression", Clinical Psychology Review, 10, pp.589~604 (1990)
- Dalgleish, T., "Autobiographical memory style in seasonal affective disorder and its relationship to future symptom remission", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, pp.335~340 (2001)
- Davies, M. F., "Private self-consciousness and the percieved accuracy of true and false젨젨 personality feedback", Personality and Individual Differences, 17, pp.697~701 (1994)
- Farber, B. A., "Psychological-mindedness: Can there be too much of a good thing?", Psychotherapy, 26, pp.210~216 (1989)
- Fenigstein, A., "Self- focusing effects of heart-beat feedback", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, pp.1241~1250 (1978)
- Franzoi, S. L., "The effects of private self- consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, pp.1584~1594 (1985)
- Goddard, L., "Role of autobiographical memory in social problem solving and depression", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, pp.609~616 (1996)
- Green, J. D., "Affect and self-focused attention revisited: The role of affect orientation", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, pp.104~119 (1999)
- Ickes, W. J., "Objective self-awareness and self- esteem", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, pp.202~219 (1973)
- Ingram, R. E., "Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: review and a conceptual model", Psychological Bulletin, 109, pp.156~176 (1990)
- Just, N., "The response styles of depression: tests and an extension of the theory", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, pp.221~229 (1997)
- Kernis, M. H., "Private self-consciousness and perceptions of self-consistency", Personality and Individual Differences, 9, pp.897~902 (1988)
- Kuehner, C., "Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: an investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory", Psychological Medicine, 29, pp.1322~1333 (1999)
- Kuyken, W., "Autobiographical memory and depression", British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, pp.89~92 (1995)
- Lyubomirsky, S., "Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem- solving", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, pp.176~190 (1995)
- Mackinger, H. F., "Prediction of postnatal affective changes by autobiographical memories", European Psychology, 5, pp.52~61 (2000)
- Mackinger, H. F., "Autobiographical memories in women remitted from major depression", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), pp.331~334 (2000)
- Mackinger, H. F., "Autobiographical memories predicts the course of depression during detoxification therapy in alcohol dependent men. Journal of Affective Disord", ~ (2003)
- Matthews, G., "Connection models of emotional distress and affectional bias", Cognition and Emotion, 10, pp.561~600 (1996)
- Mogg, K., "A cognitive- motivational analysis of anxiety and depression: the role of awareness", British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, pp.17~36 (1998)
- Newcomb Rekart, K., "Autobiographical memory in dysphoric and non-dysphoric college syudents using a computerised version of the AMT", Cognition and Emotion, 20, pp.504~515 (2006)
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Responses to depression and their effects on duration of depressive episodes", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, pp.569~582 (1991)
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety", depressive symptoms, 2000, pp.109, 504~511
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood", Cognition and Emotion, 7, pp.561~570 (1993)
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, pp.92~104 (1994)
- Peeters, F., "Autobiographical memory specificity and the course of major depressive disorder", Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43, pp.344~350 (2002)
- Puffet, A., "Autobiographical memory and major depression states", European Psychiatry, 6, pp.141~145 (1991)
- Radloff, L., "The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population", Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, pp.385~401 (1977)
- Ramponi, C., "Recollection deficits in dysphoric mood: an effect of schematic models and executive mode", Memory, 12, pp.655~670 (2004)
- Scheier, M. S., "Self-awareness and physical aggression", Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 10, pp.264~273 (1974)
- Segal, Z. V., "Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression", Psychological Bulletin, 103, pp.142~162 (1988)
- Silvia, P. J., "Are rumination and reflection types of self-focused attention?", Personality and Individual Differences, 38(4), pp.871~881 (2005)
- Sutherland, K., "Rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), pp.2407~2416 (2007)
- Trapnell, P. D., "Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, pp.284~304 (1999)
- Treynor, Gonzalez, "Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, pp.247~259 (2003)
- Watkins, E., "Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression", Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(1), pp.1~8 (2004)
- Williams, J. M. G., "Depression and specificity of autobiographical memory in Remembering our past: studies in autobiographical memory", pp.244~267 (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Williams. J. M. G., "Autobiographical memory in attempted suicide patients", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, pp.144~149 (1986)
- Williams, J. M. G., "The specificity of autobiographical memory and imageability of the future", Memory and Cognition, 24, pp.116~125 (1996)
- Williams, J. M. G., "Cognitive psychology and emotional disorder" (1997), Wiley
- Williams, J. M. G., "Autobiographical memory specificity abd emotional disorder", Psychological Bulletin, 133, pp.122~148 (2007)