신체적 조작과 시각적 조작이 아동의 수학개념 발달에 미치는 영향의 차이에 대한 비교
A Comparison Between Physical Materials and Visual Materials that Influence Development of Children's Mathematical Concepts
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본 연구에서 학습 활동 자료가 아동의 분수 문제 풀이에 시간에 따라 미치는 영향의 변화에 대해 알아보았다. 초등학교 4학년 아동들에게 신체적 조작 자료와 시각적 조작 자료를 제공하고 각 자료 유형별로 학생들이 분수 문제를 푸는 과정을 비디오 촬영한 후 문제풀이 과정 중 나타나는 학생의 반응행동을 문항, 시도, 전략 별로 세밀하게 관찰 기록하였다. 관찰된 아동의 행동은 반복 측정 설계 분산분석과 미시발생학적 방법으로 분석하였다. 전체적으로 신체적 조작활동이 아동의 분수개념 습득에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 신체적 조작 자료를 통해 분수 개념을 더 빨리 습득할 수 있었다. 전략 활용 면에서도 그림을 사용했을 때보다 타일 조각을 이용한 활용을 했을 때 학습 자료를 배열하고 문제 해결에 직접적인 도움이 되는 핵심활동을 더욱 빈번하게 하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, 신체적 조작 자료는 자료 배열 방식에 대해 아동 스스로 적합한 해석을 하는 데는 큰 도움을 주지 못했다. 학습 자료와 상관없이 학생들 모두 분수개념 해석이 추가적으로 필요하였다. 아동들은 면접 후기로 갈수록 분수개념을 스스로 해석하고 문제해결에 도움이 되는 핵심활동을 더 많이 하는 경향이 있었다. 이 연구는 수학적 탐색, 시간흐름에 따른 행동, 개념의 발달 면에서 신체적 조작 자료가 이 시기 학생들에게 아직까지 더 도움이 된다는 사실을 실증하였다.
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore how differently children require teacher’s feedback and how students’ problem-solving strategies change over time depending on the learning materials students used. 4th grade elementary students received either physical learning materials or visual materials. Students’ problem-solving processes were video-recorded varying by the types of materials. Children’s detailed developments were coded based on three levels (i.e., problem, trial, and strategy). The data were analyzed using repeated measures and microgenetic design. Overall, use of physical learning materials benefited children’s fraction learning. Physical materials helped students to understand fraction concept faster than the other materials. Physical actions than static operation with pictures encouraged students’ use of core actions that directly lead to correct problem-solving. However, physical materials did not contribute to children’s verbal interpretation on how and why they rearranged the materials (i.e., tiles). Regardless of learning materials, all the children needed teachers’ interpretation on the fraction problems. All the participants tended to show correct verbal interpretations and use core strategies at the end of the interview. The current study provided an evidential foundation regarding effectiveness of physical materials on children’s mathematical discovery and development of mathematical understanding.
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