Recent Development of 5V Cathode Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract

This paper deals with the recent development of high-voltage cathode materials of mono- and di- metal ions substituted spinel LiMn2O4 for lithium batteries. LiCuxMn2-xO4 (0úxú0.5) shows reversible intercalation/deintercalation in two potential regions, 3.9¥4.3 and 4.8~5.0 V, and stable electrochemical cycling behavior but with low capacity. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 obtained by a sol-gel process delivers a capacity of 127 mAh g-1 on the first cycle and sustains a value of 124 mAh g-1 even after the 60th cycle. The LixCryMn2-yO4 (0ú xú 1.0) solid-solutions exhibit enhanced specific capacity, larger average voltage, and improved cycling behaviors for low Cr content. LiCryMn2-yO4 presents a reversible Li deintercalation process at 4.9 V, whose capacity is proportional to the Cr content in the range of 0.25úxú0.5 and delivers higher capacities. LiMyCr0.5-yMn1.5O4 (M=Fe or Al) shows that the capacity retention is lowered compared with lithium manganate. The cumulative capacities obtainable with Al-substitutted materials are less than those with Fe-substituted materials. LiCrxNi0.5-xMn1.5O4 (x=0.1) delivers a high initial capacity of 152mAh g-1 with excellent cycleability.