국제투자중재(ISDS) 사건의 시적 관할 -제척기간을 중심으로-
Jurisdiction Ratione Temporis in ISDS -Examining Limitation or Time-Bar-
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국제투자중재(ISDS) 사건에서 시적 관할은 자주 제기되는 강력한 항변임에도 그 중요성에 비하면 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 다수 투자협정은 일정 기간 경과후에는 중재신청을 할 수 없다는 제척기간 조항을 두고 있는바, 그 기산점 확정은 빈번하게 문제가 된다. 특히 계속적 행위 또는 복합적 행위의 경우 다수 판정례는 제척기간이 계속하여 갱신 또는 연장된다는 판단을 내리고 있다. 그러나 이러한 해석에 따르면 시적 관할이 지나치게 확장되는바, 투자협정상 제척기간 조항의 문언에 충실하게 신청인의 인식 시점을 기산점으로 삼고 계속적 행위 또는 복합적 행위 해당 여부를 관할 판단 단계에서 엄격하게 해석함으로써 합리적으로 제한하여야 한다. 손실 또는 손해의 인식과 관련해서도 다수 판정례는 현실적으로 발생한 손실 또는 손해에 대하여 신청인이 어느 정도 확실성을 가지고 인식해야 한다고 판단함으로써 제척기간의 기산점을 늦추어 시적 관할을 확대하는 경향을 보인다. 그러나 투자협정상 제척기간 조항은 손실 또는 손해에 대한 인식을 요구할 뿐 그 범위나 규모 등에 대한 확실한 인식을 요구하고 있지 않다. 따라서 투자협정 문언에 반하여 시적 관할을 확대하는 것은 부당하다. 제척기간과 관련하여 자주 발생하는 또다른 문제는 제척기간의 중단이 가능한지 여부이다. 특히 당사자들이 협상을 진행하거나 피신청인이 확약을 하는 등의 사정이 존재하는 경우 신청인의 중재 개시는 지연될 가능성이 높으나, 투자협정에 규정되지 아니한 제척기간의 중단을 인정하기는 어렵다. 이러한 불합리를 수정하기 위하여 다수 판정례는 금반언 원칙을 적용함으로써 피신청인의 시적 관할 항변을 차단하고 있다. 한편 제척기간 조항을 명시하지 아니한 투자협정의 경우에는 묵시적인 제척기간이 인정되는지 여부가 다투어지는데, 다수 판정례는 이를 일반론으로 인정하지만 실제로 묵시적 제척기간을 인정하여 시적 관할을 부인한 사례는 아직까지 존재하지 않는 것으로 보인다. ISDS 사건의 시적 관할에 대한 문제들은 추후 더 많은 판정례를 기초로 연구를 계속함으로써 정리하여야 할 것이다.
Abstract
In international investment arbitration (ISDS) cases, temporal jurisdiction is a frequent and robust defense, but its importance lacks sufficient research. Many investment treaties include time-bar clauses, making the determination of their starting points a recurring issue. For continuing or composite acts, many awards have held that the limitation period is renewed or extended, potentially over-expanding temporal jurisdiction. To avoid this, limitations should adhere strictly to treaty text, using the claimant’s knowledge as the starting point and strictly interpreting continuing or composite acts during jurisdictional analysis. Regarding loss or damage, some awards postpone the limitation period’s start by requiring claimants to have certainty about the actual loss. However, treaties only require knowledge of the existence of loss or damage, not its extent or amount. Expanding jurisdiction beyond treaty text is unjustified. A related issue is whether limitation periods can be interrupted. While negotiations or assurances from respondents may delay arbitration, suspension of limitation periods is difficult unless explicitly provided for in the treaty. Many awards address this through estoppel, barring respondents from invoking time-bar defenses. For treaties without explicit time-bar clauses, implicit limitation periods remain contested. Although many awards acknowledge their existence, no case has denied temporal jurisdiction solely based on implicit time-bars. Continued research and case analysis are needed in addressing temporal jurisdiction in ISDS cases.
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