高句麗 初期의 王位繼承原理와 古鄒加
The Royal Succession in the Early Days of Koguryo(高句麗), and the Role of Gochuga(古鄒加)
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고구려 초기의 왕위계승원리는 대체로 세 단계로 전개되었다. 『三國史記』 고구려본기에는 초기 5王의 왕위계승이 부자상속으로 서술되어 있지만, 실제로는 前王과의 혈연관계보다 神聖한 權能과 軍事指揮力 등 비혈연적 요소가 더 중요하게 작용했다. 현왕의 親子가 아니라도 王者로서의 자질을 갖춘 자가 왕위를 물려받는 비혈연적 계승원리였던 것이다. 다만 비혈연적인 地位繼承系譜에서도 前王과의 관계는 ‘子’로 표현되었는데, 이를 4세기 후반경에 父系的 系譜觀念에 입각하여 부자계승으로 재정리했다. 6~10대의 왕위계승은 兄弟繼承으로 나오지만, 6~8대 태조왕~신대왕은 실제로는 동일 世代에 속한 방계 형제로서 世代主義的 繼承原理에 의해 왕위를 계승했다. 이러한 세대주의적 계승원리는, 那部體制라는 형태로 국가체제가 확립되었지만 桂婁部 왕실의 여러 소혈연집단을 포괄하여 왕위를 계승하는 과정에서 성립되었다. 이에 따라 왕위계승에서 각 소혈연집단을 이끄는 古鄒加의 정치적 역량이 가장 중요한 요소로 작용했다. 세대주의적 계승원리는 고국천왕~산상왕대의 형제계승을 거쳐 11대 동천왕 이후 부자계승으로 전환되어 나갔다. 이러한 전환은 那部體制가 중앙집권체제로 전환되는 것과 맞물려 진행되었다. 다만 3세기 중후반에는 아직 국왕 중심의 중앙집권체제가 완전히 확립되지 않았기 때문에 현왕의 형제나 숙부를 살해하여 부자계승을 위협할 만한 요소를 제거했다.
Abstract
This article examines how the principles of inheriting the reign were established and then changed during the early days of the Koguryo dynasty, in correlation with the political system of the time. The result shows that there were a total of three phases in such progress. The 『Samguk Sagi(三國史記)』 shows that the first five kings of Koguryo inherited reigns from father to son, yet in the process, elements that had nothing to do with bloodlines, such as the holy nature of one’s authority and power, or the military power one displayed, turned out to be more definitive than the blood relation the successor had with his predecessor. Accordingly, the principle of inheriting the reign in the earliest days of Koguryo seems to have had less to do with bloodline relationships, and we can say that even an entity who was not the biological son of the sitting king was able to inherit the reign if he showed the character to assume the kingdom. This kind of practice must have been born out of the need of enthroning heroic figures, in order to hold and maintain a more advantageous ground for the Gyaeru group(桂樓集團) in its competition with other political entities. In genealogical records, the new king was always referred to as the son(‘子’) of the former king, and the historians in subsequent periods, armed with patrilineal thinking, established the genealogical structure from 『Samguk Sagi』. The inheritance pattern displayed by the kings from the 6th through the 10th reigns shows inheritance between siblings, from the elder brother to the younger one, yet kings from Taejo-wang(6th) to Shindae-wang(8th) were collateral relatives and belonged to the same generation, so we can say that they inherited the reigns within their generation, and not from one generation to the next. The ancient states were established upon the Na-bu structure(那部體制), yet they were also established during a process which assimilated smaller blood-related groups of the Gyaeru-bu(桂婁部) royal family and then had them inherit the reign. Therefore the political capability(and roles) of the Gochuga(古鄒加) figures(leaders of the smaller blood-related groups) was most important in dictating who would inherit the reign. In actual inheritances, the smaller groups of Gyaeru-bu allied themselves with particular Na-bu entities, in a messy political competition filled with conflicts. In the ‘Gogukcheon-wang through Sansang-wang’ period, this inheritance principle within the generation was transformed into a fraternal succession pattern(with the distance between successors narrowed), and after the Dongcheon-wang period(11th) it changed into a father-to-son succession pattern. This kind of changes accompanied the changes that were happening in the state leadership, which had been transforming itself from the existing Na-bu system into a king-centered, central ruling system. Yet in the middle and latter half of the 3rd century, the Na-bu system was still not completely dismantled and the generational inheritance principle still partially existed, so the brothers or uncles of the sitting king had to be killed in order to eliminate threats to the succession of figures standing in the direct line. At the time, the central ruling system or the principle of father-to-son succession was still not fully established.
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