청동기시대 기북지역 반유목문화의 개념과 영역-옥황묘문화와 낙타량유형을 중심으로-

Abstract

The Korean Peninsula has developed based on a sedentary culture. Since the majority of archaeological finds identified in Korea have been material data from a sedentary culture, the archaeological materials and concepts of its nomadic culture have not been well documented. However, the origins of various cultural elements found on the Korean Peninsula have been traced back to nomadic cultures, such as those from Northeast China and Scythia. Since nomadic culture is a different concept from sedentary culture, there is a noticeable difference in the identified material finds and the pattern of excavation. Based on the patterns of subsistence observed, social forms of such cultures differ widely according to the proportion of livestock breeding and farming. Of these, seminomadic pastoralism uses livestock breeding as its primary means of livelihood and leads a mobile life, but a very small portion of the group also relies on agriculture as a means of livelihood. The primary cultural typologies that can be referred to as having a seminomadic pastoral culture in Northern Hebei in the Bronze Age include the Yuhuangmiao Culture and the Luotuoliang type. The most common feature of a seminomadic pastoral culture is that of livestock farming, where goats and horses are needed to raise sheep. As sheep forage on pastures to the degree of destroying grazing land, sheep herders tend to move around and lead a mobile life in areas not yet occupied by other cultural groups. The central cemetery of the Yuhuangmiao Culture is in Yanqing's Jundushan area, which was developed into a social center. Through this center, the Yuhuangmiao Culture was able to acquire the function as a gathering place or a center of social life. The central cemetery also served as a border area with other cultures. The Luotuoliang type also created a central cemetery in the northeastern part of Northern Hebei, and utilized this area both as a social center and a boundary area between the upper Xiajiadian Culture and the Mandolin-shaped Bronze Dagger Culture. At the same time, the residents of this culture lived in Northern Hebei as an active domain until the Yuhuangmiao Culture took root in the same area. In other words, the sphere of influence of the Yuhuangmiao Culture and the Luotuoliang type ended up overlapping throughout the whole Northern Hebei region. It is necessary to understand the areas of seminomadic pastoralism and nomadic culture in a new light, which have, thus far, been poorly understood by academia. Such new understandings must consider the inclusion of surrounding areas where no archaeological remains have yet been found.