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성역할 태도와 가사분담이 결혼만족도에 미치는 영향: 한국, 일본, 대만, 중국 기혼남녀를 중심으로

A Comparative Analysis of Gender Role Ideology, Division of Housework, and Marital Satisfaction in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and China

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주제분류지역학

초록

이 연구는 2016년 동아시아 사회조사 자료를 활용하여 한국, 일본, 대만, 중국의 기혼남녀를 대상으로 결혼만족도를 비교하였다. 특히 성역할 태도와 가사분담이라는 젠더 관련 요인들의 효과에 초점을 맞추었다. 전반적으로 결혼만족도는 양호한 편이지만 중국과 대만이 높고 한국과 일본은 상대적으로 낮다. 다른 변수들을 통제한 상태에서 응답자 본인과 배우자의 건강상태 및 주관적 계층의식이 높을수록 결혼만족도가 높다는 것은 4개국 모두에서 일관적으로 관찰된다. 성역할 태도와 가사분담율이 결혼만족도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 중국에서는 성역할 태도와 가사분담율의 독립적인 효과는 물론 상호작용 효과도 전혀 관찰되지 않는다. 반면, 일본에서는 성역할 태도와 가사분담율의 독립적인 효과는 물론 상호작용 효과가 두드러지게 나타난다. 성역할 태도가 평등적일수록, 그리고 응답자의 가사분담율이 높을수록 결혼만족도는 낮아지며 가사분담율이 결혼만족도에 미치는 효과는 성역할 태도에 따라 달라진다. 한국과 대만에서는 성역할 태도와 가사분담의 상호작용 효과만 관찰된다. 중국은 맞벌이 부부가 많고 상대적으로 전통적인 성역할 분업이 약화되었기 때문에 젠더 관련 요인이 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치지 않지만, 일본은 여성의 경제활동 참가율 중 파트타임 비중이 높고 사회적으로 여전히 전통적 성역할 분업을 지지하는 경향이 있어서 성역할 태도와 가사분담에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 생각된다. 한국과 대만은 여성의 경제활동 참가율이 높아지면서 전통적인 성역할 분업을 약화하기 위한 다양한 정책적 노력들을 하고 있지만 아직 과도기 상태에 있는 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

This paper examined the effect of gender role ideology and division of housework on marital satisfaction in East Asian Societies. Using EASS 2016 data, it focused on married respondents aged between 25 and 54. Overall, marital satisfaction was fair but marital satisfaction of China and Taiwan was higher than that of Japan and Korea. Both subjective health status of respondents and spouses, and subjective evaluation of class were consistently important for marital satisfaction across 4 societies. Regarding the effect of gender role ideology and division of housework, no independent effects and an interaction effect were observed in China. In contrast, the negative effects of gender role ideology and division of housework on marital satisfaction were significant as well as an interaction effect of these two variables in Japan. That is, Japanese who have egalitarian gender role ideology are less satisfied with their marriage than their counterparts, and their division of housework was negatively associated with marital satisfaction. Also, the significant moderating effect of gender role ideology was found in Japan on the links between division of housework and marital satisfaction. Both in Taiwan and Korea, no independent effects of gender role ideology and division of housework were found. Rather, an interaction effect was significant. These differences were attributed to social contexts in which each society was located, such as to what extent female labor force participation was socially accepted and valued, how much traditional gender role ideology was maintained, and other gender related circumstances. In China, because dual-earner couples were relatively prevalent and women’s work was highly valued compared to others, gender related factors were not associated with marital satisfaction. However, in Japan where women’s part time employment rate is higher than in other countries reflecting traditional gender role ideology, both gender role ideology and division of housework are significantly related with marital satisfaction. Both Korea and Taiwan seem to be in transition showing mixed results.

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