비판적 사고를 통한 배움의 의미
The Meaning of Learning through Critical Thinking
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초록
인간이 살아가면서 부딪히는 수많은 문제들은 보다 합리적인 판단을 요구한다. 합리적 판단은 이유를 철저히 묻고 다양한 기준을 통해 공정하게 평가하며 열린 마음과 반성적 태도를 수반한다. 비판적 사고는 바로 이러한 능력과 태도를 수반하는 사고로서 인간이 잘 살기 위하여 또 그 잘삶을 조장하는 배움(learning)을 위해서 필요하다. 이 연구는 이러한 필요성에 근거하여 첫째, 비판적 사고가 무엇이며 둘째, 비판적 사고가 배움에 왜 필요하며 셋째, 비판적 사고를 어떻게 배울 수 있으며 넷째, 비판적 사고는 어떤 문제와 한계점이 있는지를 고찰한다. 이 연구는 에니스(R. Ennis), 맥팩(J. McPeck), 립맨(M. Lipman), 베일린(S. Bailin), 시걸(H. Siegel) 등 비판적 사고의 주요 이론가의 논의들을 철저히 검토·비교하며 비판적 사고의 개념을 제시하고, 배움의 개념을 구성하기 위한 요건을 고찰한 후 이 배움의 요건에 관련하여 볼 때 비판적 사고가 배움에 필수적임을 밝혀낸다. 또한 이 연구는 비판적 사고는 기본적으로 기존에 시행되는 각 학과 내에서 배우되 그 기초적인 지식과 태도는 별도의 학과에서 배울 것을 제안한다. 마지막으로 비판적 사고는 배움에 필요조건은 되지만 충분조건은 아님을 밝히며 비판적 사고에 대한 포스트모더니즘 및 페미니즘 이론가들의 비판을 논의한다.
Abstract
This study examines the concept of critical thinking, the necessity of it in learning, learning through it and critiques of it. It reviews explanations of Ennis, McPeck, Lipman, Bailin and Siegel. Critical thinking is a thinking that produces and revises rational questions and decisions about statements and problematic situations through reasons and criteria and through open-minded attitude regarding different and unique context. Learning is to facilitate the harmonious development of learners through which learners understand what is learned, relate various knowledge, skills and attitudes and continuously apply them to practices. Critical thinking leads learners to understand the object of learning through questioning 'why I should learn it and what does it mean?' It also facilitates rational decisions towards problems through linking previous and new knowledge for the purpose of justification of their thoughts. It leads right knowledge and values through using criteria and fosters reflective attitudes through self-correcting and respecting uniqueness and differences. It fosters both 'knowledge-how' and 'knowledge-that.' Dispositions for critical thinking such as fairness, open-mindedness and cooperation foster social character of learners. For this reason, critical thinking is necessary for learning and fosters it. This study suggests that critical thinking should be learned mainly in every subject but learners should learn basic general knowledge, skills and attitudes for critical thinking through an independent subject. It shows that critical thinking is not the sufficient condition for learning. Critical thinking does not include all good thinking, and human beings need emotional sensitivity, intuition, wills to act and performing skills for the whole growth. Finally, it suggests some advices for further studies regarding critical thinking: developing more practical methods and concrete steps for critical thinking, especially in each subject curriculum, discovering and developing Korean or Eastern thoughts in relation to critical thinking and discussing critical thinking in focus of teaching or the role of teachers.
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