天台의 魔障에 관한 고찰

Abstract

It is important to know the evil obstruction (魔) when practicing Chih-kuan (śamatha-vipaśyanā, 止觀). Because we have to get a knowledge of evil obstruction to deal with it. Without it, our effort will come to nothing. Since early time, all the great enlightened masters (善知識) had warned and cautioned against evil obstructions. But, many practicer generally are not concerned about evil obstructions (魔事) but practicing method. Also they don't prepare for that. In the course of practice for enlightenment, the more they cultivate deeply, the more they face evil obstructions. From old times, there are inevitably evil obstruction in practice. It is diverse conditions of psychological factor, external factor etc. that interrupt progress, give rise to afflictions and seize them with a disease and make them claim to be enlightened falsely. When Chih-i (智顗) had been lecturing at Chinling (金陵) before went into Mt. T'ien-t'ai, he seriously suffered by the foe of fame and wealth. Also, he struggled with severe evil (强魔) and gentle evil (柔魔) as he was practicing in one of the peak of Mt. T'ien-t'ai. This is comparable to the subjection of Māra of the Buddha (降魔成道). It is dogmatically important to attain enlightenment of Chih-i. The experience of Dhūta (頭陀行) made him to study evil obstructions and take measures to it. Eventually he symbolically presented evil mind of human as evil obstructions, divided them into three types and made an observation with discerning dharma (觀法). Also he provided to apply the discerning dharma of the ten yāna (十乘觀法) by the principle of complete combination of the three dogmas (圓融三諦) as basic measures.