안구이동추적을 통해 살펴본 관계절의 통사처리 과정
Processing of syntactic dependency in Korean relative clauses: Evidence from an eye-tracking study
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초록
관계절의 공백과 채움어의 의존관계(gap-filler dependencies)가 어떻게 해결되는지에 대한 가설은 ‘채움어촉발 처리전략(filler-driven parsing strategy)’과 ‘공백촉발 처리전략(gap-driven parsing strategy)’으로 요약할 수 있다. 두 가설의 언어보편적 타당성을 알아보기 위해, 본 연구는 안구이동추적법(eyetracking)을 이용하여, 한국어 화자들이 후핵언어(head-final language)인 한국어의 주격관계절과 여격관계절을 실시간으로 처리하는 과정을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 피험자들이 관계절 내 공백의 위치에서 채움어에 상응하는 그림을 거의 응시하지 않았으나, 관계사와 결합한 관계절동사를 들은 시점부터는 채움어 그림을 응시하는 비율이 큰 폭으로 증가하기 시작하여 머리어를 들은 시점에서 가장 많이, 가장 오래 채움어 그림을 응시하였다. 이 결과는 공백이 관계절의 처리를 촉발하는 것이 아니라, 관계사와 결합한 관계절 동사에서 관계절의 통사처리가 시작되어 채움어가 인지된 시점에서 완성됨을 보여주는 것이다. 또한 주격관계절과 여격관계절 간의 상이한 안구이동 양상은 관계절 내의 논항과 결합한 격조사의 통사정보에 기인하는 것으로 보여서, 한국어의 관계절은 채움어촉발 처리전략을 따르기는 하지만 영어와 같은 선핵언어와는 다른 처리전략이 사용됨을 알 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper examines the time course and processing patterns of filler-gap dependencies in Korean relative clauses, using an eyetracking method. Participants listened to a short story while viewing four pictures of entities mentioned in the story. Each story is followed by an auditorily presented question involving a relative clause (subject relative or dative relative). Participants’ eye movements in response to the question were recorded. Results showed that the proportion of looks to the picture corresponding to a filler noun significantly increased at the relative verb affixed with a relativizer, and was largest at the filler where the fixation duration on the filler picture significantly increased. These results suggest that online resolution of the filler-gap dependency only starts at the relative verb marked with a relativiser and is finally completed at the filler position. Accordingly, they partly support the filler-driven parsing strategy for Korean, as for head-initial languages. In addition, the different patterns of eye movements between subject relatives and dative relatives indicate the role of case markers in parsing Korean sentences.
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