본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

K리그 엑소더스 현상과 그 요인: 중국 및 중동 국가로의 이주 사례

Korean footballers’ exodus and its factors:Player migration to China and the Middle East

원영신|명왕성
국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 (Korea Institute of Sport Science)|2019.03|체육과학연구 (Korean Journal of Sport Science)|제30권 제1호|pp. 45-59|DOI 10.24985/kjss.2019.30.1.45

0

조회

0

다운로드

5

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

질적 사례연구Qualitative case studyTransferFootballFootballer축구선수이적K리그프로축구K league스포츠 노동 이주Sport labor migration
주제분류체육

초록

[목적] 본 연구는 국내 프로축구선수들의 아시아국가로의 집단 이주 현상, 즉 K리그 엑소더스 현상과 그 요인을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. [방법] 중국 및 중동 국가로의 이주 경험이 있는 선수 9명 및 에이전트 7명을 연구 참여자로 선정하여 질적 사례연구를 실시하였다. [결과] K리그 엑소더스 현상은 경제(개인소득, 구단수익), 제도(외국인채용, 병역의무·특례), 환경(국내외 시장)이라는 세 가지 추진 및 유인 요인으로 설명가능하다. 경제적 요인으로 스포츠 노동 이주를 설명하기 위해서는 개인과 구단에게 고액 연봉 및 이적료를 지불하는 환경적 요인(국외 시장)이 마련되어야 함과 동시에 국내 시장은 상대적으로 열악한 환경을 전제해야 한다. 추가로 본 연구는 아시아쿼터제도와 국내 징병제도 및 병역특례법을 제도적 요인으로 분류함으로써 경제 및 환경 요인이 가지고 있는 한계를 일부 극복하고, 국내 스포츠 노동 이주의 특수성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 기존 구조주의 관점의 한계를 극복하기 위해 글로벌 아웃소싱을 이론적 틀로 차용하여 각 요인과 요인 간 관계를 논의하였다. [결론] 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 국내 스포츠 노동 이주에 관한 첫 경험적 연구로서 그 의미를 지니는 동시에 후속 연구의 기초 자료로서 그 가치가 있다고 할 수 있다.

Abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to explore the trend of K league exodus and its factors. [Methods] Qualitative case study was conducted by selecting 9 footballers and 7 their agents as the participants who have migrated from South Korea to China and the Middle East. [Results] The factors of migration were categorized as three push and pull factors such as economy (individual income and club's profit), policy (employment for foreign and military service) and environment (markets in home and abroad). To understand sport migration in the economic factor, there should be the environmental condition (overseas market) to pay high salaries and transfer fee to individuals and their clubs, and at the same time, the domestic market should be relatively poor environment. In addition, this study overcame limitations of economic and environmental factors by classifying Asian quota system and military service into political factor, and found the specificity (local context) of K league. [Conclusions] In conclusion, this study can be regarded as the first empirical work on sport labor migration in Korea and valuable as basic data of follow-up studies.

참고문헌 (91)

  1. 안준상, "물질재와 경험재가 한국프로축구(K리그) 외국인 선수들의 적응에 미치는 영향", 한국스포츠산업경영학회지, 21(1), pp.51~62 (2016), 한국스포츠산업경영학회
  2. Armstrong, G., "Football in Africa: Conflict, Conciliation and Community", pp.247~263 (2004)
  3. Asian Football Confederation, "Champions league 2019competition regulations", AFC, ~ (2018)
  4. Bale, J., "The brown drain: foreign students-athletes in American universities" (1991), University of Illinois Press
  5. Bale, J., "Three geographies of African footballer migration:Patterns, problems and postcoloniality", pp.229~246 (2004), Palgrave
  6. Baldwin, L. P., "Outsourcing information systems : drawing lessons from a banking case study", European Journal of Information Systems, 10(1), pp.15~24 (2001)
  7. Ben-Porat, G., "(Un)Bounded soccer : globalization and localization of the game in Israel", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39(4), pp.421~436 (2004)
  8. Braun, V., "Using thematic analysis in psychology", Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, pp.77~101 (2006)
  9. Chiba, N., "Pacific professional baseball leagues and migratory patterns and trends : 1995-1999", Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 28(2), pp.193~211 (2004)
  10. Coakley, J. J., "Leaving competitive sport : retirement or rebirth?", Quest, 35(1), pp.1~11 (1983)
  11. Cros, B., "From the transvaal to the cantal : the exodus of South African rugby union players to France", Cultures of the Commonwealth, 18, pp.89~102 (2012)
  12. Darby, P., "Out of Africa: the exodus of elite African football talent to Europe", The Journal of Labor & Society, 10(4), pp.443~456 (2007)
  13. Darby, P., "Football academies and the migration of African football labor to Europe", Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 31(2), pp.143~161 (2007)
  14. Driessen, G. A., "Agglomeration, tax differentials, and the mobility of professional athletes", Public Finance Review, 45(2), pp.283~302 (2017)
  15. Egger, P., "The influence of labour taxes on the migration of skilled workers", The World Economy, 32, pp.5~32 (2009)
  16. Ehrenberg, R. G., "Modern labor economics:theory and public policy" (2003), Routledge
  17. Elliott, R., "Football’s Irish exodus : examining the factors influencing Irish player migration to English professional leagues", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(2), pp.147~161 (2016)
  18. Elliott, R., "Crossing the Atlantic from football to soccer : Preliminary observations on the migrations of English players and the internationalization of Major League Soccer", The Journal of Labor & Society, 14(4), pp.557~570 (2011)
  19. Elliott, R., "Thinking outside of the box : Exploring a conceptual synthesis for research in the area of athletic labor migration", Sociology of Sport Journal, 25(4), pp.482~497 (2008)
  20. Elmuti, D., "The effects of global outsourcing strategies on participants’ attitudes and organizational effectiveness", International Journal of Manpower, 21(2), pp.112~128 (2000)
  21. Feld, L., "Income tax competition at the state and local level in Switzerland", Regional Science and Urban Economics, 31, pp.181~213 (2001)
  22. "Money talks: Brazilian exodus to China shows no signs of slowing" (2016)[URL]
  23. Frick, B., "The football players’ labor market : empirical evidence from the major European leagues", Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 54(3), pp.422~446 (2007)
  24. Guest, G., "Applied thematic analysis" (2012), Sage Publications
  25. "Manchester United revealed to have the highest wages in world football as the average Premier League player’s salary reaches £2.4m a year" (2016)[URL]
  26. Hatch, A. J., "Doing qualitative research in education settings" (2002), State University of New York Press
  27. Horton, P., "Pacific Islanders in global rugby: The changing currents of sports migration", The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(17), pp.2388~2404 (2012)
  28. 장용준, "Fluent와 EXODUS를 이용한 승객피난 시뮬레이션", 한국철도학회논문집, 11(1), pp.95~100 (2008), 한국철도학회
  29. 조성식, "선수의 해외이적에 따른 구단과의 갈등 상황에서 나타나는 팬의 정서적 발현에 관한 연구", 한국체육학회지, 53(4), pp.131~142 (2014), 한국체육학회
  30. 조영한, "월경하는 아시안 스포츠 셀러브리티와 유동적 시민권：한국과 중국의 2008년 베이징 올림픽 보도를 중심으로", 한국스포츠사회학회지, 27(4), pp.217~241 (2014), 한국스포츠사회학회[DOI]
  31. Kaiser Jr, W. C., "Exodus" (2017), HarperCollins Christian Publishing
  32. Kim, C. J., "Exodus, exagogue, yetziah( יציאה ) - reconsideration on the theological term of ‘Exodus’ -", Theological Studies, 67, pp.7~40 (2015)
  33. 김주희, "세계 불평등 해결을 위한 국제 이주의 균형점 제안- 『엑소더스 : 전 지구적 상생을 위한 이주 경제학』 (폴 콜리어, 김선영 옮김, 21세기북스, 2014)", 인문사회과학연구, 17(2), pp.409~416 (2016), 인문사회과학연구소[DOI]
  34. "Exodus to China and the Middle East" (2015)[URL]
  35. 김민철, "도민-시민 프로축구구단의 재무지표분석을 통한 경영환경 연구", 한국스포츠산업경영학회지, 18(6), pp.87~101 (2013), 한국스포츠산업경영학회
  36. "2016 Goalkeeper exodus starts" (2015)[URL]
  37. "K League Exodus, it’s my fault" (2015)[URL]
  38. "K League was intimidated between China and Japan" (2015)[URL]
  39. Kim, W. H., "A review of EXODUS evacuation model", 2000 Korean Institute of Fire Science &Engineering Conference, pp.96~100 (2000)
  40. 김용찬, "국제이주분석과 이주체계접근법의 적용에 관한 연구", 국제지역연구, 10(3), pp.81~106 (2006), 국제지역연구센터
  41. 김용은, "2014 소치 동계올림픽 빅토르 안 신문보도의 의미 해석 : 안현수에서 빅토르 안", 한국스포츠사회학회지, 27(2), pp.77~102 (2014), 한국스포츠사회학회[DOI]
  42. Kirchgassner, G., "Tax harmonization and tax competition in the European Union : Evidence from Switzerland", Journal of Public Economics, 60, pp.351~371 (1996)
  43. Kleven, H., "Taxation and international migration of superstars : Evidence from the European football market", The American Economic Review, 103(5), pp.1892~1924 (2013)
  44. Kline, D. S., "Push and pull factors in international nurse migration", Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(2), pp.107~111 (2003)
  45. Kopkin, N., "Tax avoidance : How income tax rates affect the labor migration decisions of NBA free agents", Journal of Sports Economics, 13(6), pp.571~602 (2012)
  46. 곽덕환, "중국의 대일본 외교관계 변화 연구", 중국연구, 60, pp.203~220 (2014), 중국연구소[DOI]
  47. Lacity, M. C., "An empirical investigation of information technology sourcing practices : Lessons from experience", Management Information System Quarterly, 22(3), pp.363~408 (1998)
  48. Lanfranchi, P., "Moving with the ball: The migration of professional footballers" (2001), Berg
  49. Lee, C. W., "Qualitative research method in leisure studies" (2013), Rainbow books
  50. Lee, E. H., "Study on the racial attitude toward foreign athletes of professional baseball fans", Master’s, pp.2012
  51. 이주형, "중국의 對日 인식과 中日 關係", 대한정치학회보, 17(3), pp.191~214 (2010), 대한정치학회
  52. "K League Exodus re-start, no exit" (2015)[URL]
  53. "K League Exodus, no answer" (2015)[URL]
  54. "Problems of K League exodus are many" (2015)[URL]
  55. Lee, J. W., "A Sociological study on sport labor migration", 2010 Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport Summer Conference, pp.3~15 (2010)
  56. Lee, S. B., "Global outsourcing: A different approach to an understanding of sport labour migration", Global Business Review, 11(2), pp.153~165 (2010)
  57. "Reality of K League which its players move to China’s second league" (2015)[URL]
  58. Magee, J., "The world at their feet : professional football and international labour migration", Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26(4), pp.421~437 (2002)
  59. Maguire, J., "The commercialization of English elite basketball 1972-1988 : A figurational perspective", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 23(4), pp.305~323 (1988)
  60. Maguire, J., "Blade runners : Canadian migrants, ice hockey, and the global sports process", Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 20(3), pp.335~360 (1996)
  61. Maguire, J., "Sport and migration" (2011), Blackwell Publishing
  62. Maguire, J., "The impact of elite labour migration on the identification, selection and development of European soccer players", Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), pp.759~769 (2000)
  63. Maguire, J., "Border crossings : Soccer labour migration and the European Union", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 33(1), pp.59~73 (1998)
  64. McGovern, P., "Globalization or internationalization? foreign footballers in the English league, 1946-95", Sociology, 36(1), pp.23~42 (2002)
  65. McPherson, B. D., "Former professional athletes’ adjustment to retirement", The Physician and Sports Medicine, 6(8), pp.52~59 (1978)
  66. Molnar, G., "Hungarian footballers on the move : Issues of and observations on the first migratory phase", Sport in Society, 11(1), pp.74~89 (2008)
  67. 명왕성, "현직 K리그 선수들의 은퇴에 관한 인식 및 준비과정", 체육과학연구, 26(2), pp.254~266 (2015), 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원[DOI]
  68. 명왕성, "스포츠 노동 이주의 패러다임 변화와 그 의의: K리그 선수들을 중심으로", 한국체육학회지, 57(5), pp.105~123 (2018), 한국체육학회
  69. Nauright, J., "Awakening the sleeping giant: China and global football", FC Business Magazine, 87, pp.16~ (2015)
  70. Na, Y. S., "A study on factors affecting the long-term employment of foreign professionals at corporations in Korea", Doctoral, pp.2015
  71. Orlowski, J., "Determinants of labour migration of elite sport coaches", European Journal of Sport Science, 16(6), pp.711~718 (2016)
  72. Owusu, I. O., "The effects of elite player exodus on sports systems in developing countries: A case study of the Ghana Premier League", pp.2012
  73. Palvia, S., "Global outsourcing of it and it enabled services : impact on US and global economy", Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 5(3), pp.1~11 (2003)
  74. "Top 20 world’s highest paid football players 2017" (2017)[URL]
  75. Piore, M. J., "Birds of passage: migrant labor and industrial societies" (1979), Cambridge University Press
  76. Exporting countries in world football, "Poli, R.", CIES Football Observatory, ~, pp.CIES Football Observatory Monthly Report Issue no, 8 (2015)
  77. Ravenstein, E. G., "The laws of migration", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), pp.241~305 (1889)
  78. Schieder, D., "Sport migration and sociocultural transformation : The case of Fijian rugby union players in Japan", Journal of the History of Sport, 31(11), pp.1359~1373 (2014)
  79. Schlottmann, "Employment status and the decision to migrate", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 63(4), pp.590~598 (1981)
  80. "K League goalkeepers’ exodus" (2016)[URL]
  81. Shin, K. J., "Xi Jinping’ dream “world best in football”", The Joongang Ilbo, 13~ (2016)
  82. Siriwat, N., "Football, migration and sustainability in Thailand", International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(8), pp.707~ (2015)
  83. Stake, R. E., "Multiple case study analysis" (2006), Guilford
  84. Stead, D., "“Rite de passage or passage to riches?” the motivation and objectives of Nordic", Scandinavian players in English League Soccer, 2000, pp.24(1), 36~60
  86. Tunali, İ., "Rationality of migration", International Economic Review, 41(4), pp.893~920 (2000)
  87. Wallerstein, I., "Modern world system 1" (1980), Academic Press
  88. Weedon, G., "‘Glocal boys’: Exploring experiences of acculturation amongst migrant youth footballers in Premier League academies", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(2), pp.200~216 (2012)
  89. 양소예, "외국인 프로농구 선수의 한국 프로 리그로의 노동 이주 특성과 적응 경험 연구", 한국스포츠사회학회지, 20(3), pp.537~554 (2007), 한국스포츠사회학회[DOI]
  90. Yin, R. K., "Case study research : Design and methods" (2014), Sage publications
  91. "Choi Kang-Hee “Exodus I have warned.”Daily Sports" (2015)[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

남성 프로축구선수들의 비자발적 이주: 왜 그들은 동남아시아로 떠나는가?명왕성국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 · 체육과학연구2021 · 제32권 제2호K리그 인플럭스 현상: 그들은 왜 한국으로 오는가?명왕성, 최영래국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 · 체육과학연구2019 · 제30권 제4호외국인 이주근로자가 지각하는 여가스포츠 문화차에 관한 질적 연구강현욱, 박광원여가문화학회 · 여가학연구2018 · 제16권 제4호스포츠 활동이 외국인노동자 삶의 변화에 미치는 영향 연구 : 베트남 출신 노동자 축구클럽을 사례로정수호학교체육연구소 · Asian Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science2022 · 제10권 제5호현직 K리그 선수들의 은퇴에 관한 인식 및 준비과정구송광, 명왕성, 원영신국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 · 체육과학연구2015 · 제26권 제2호K리그 로컬 룰에 관한 법제도적 고찰: FA보상금제도를 중심으로명왕성, 박광호국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 · 체육과학연구2020 · 제31권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (14건)

비만과 운동이 정자의 질과 기능에 미치는 영향박세환, 윤진환, 곽효범pp. 1-8성장기 야구선수들의 성숙도에 따른 체격, 신체조성 및 체력 차이송홍선, Zhao Peng, 김광준, 이기혁, 전병오pp. 9-19한국판 스포츠 라이프스킬 검사지(KLSSS) 타당화권오정, 양윤경, 임태희, 윤미선, 배준수pp. 20-33운동선수 코치의 번아웃과 프리젠티즘, 훈련지도 성과의 관계이근철, 김용세, 이강헌pp. 34-44태권도 공연 관람자의 특성과 인지된 가치에 따른 시장세분화정승훈pp. 60-74
원문 보기