Ocean Response to the Pinatubo and 1259 Volcanic Eruptions
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The ocean’s response to the Pinatubo and 1259 volcanic eruptions was investigated using anocean general circulation model equipped with an energy balance model. Volcanic eruptions release gasesinto the atmosphere which increases the aerosol optical depth and acts to reduce the incoming short-waveradiation. For example, there was a huge volcanic eruption (Pinatubo) in 1991 which reduced the globalmean radiative forcing by about 3 W m−2. Two numerical experiments were simulated. The first experimentfeatures the Pinatubo eruption and the second experiment simulates the much larger volcanic eruptionthat occurred in 1259 when the radiative forcing was reduced by 7 times compared to the Pinatuboevent. With the reduced radiative forcing due to the Pinatubo eruption at about 3 W m−2 and 1259 eruptionat about 21 W m−2, the global mean sea surface temperature (SST) decreased to its lowest in the secondyear after each event by about 0.4oC and 1.6oC, respectively. Sea surface salinity (SSS) increased substantiallyin the northern North Pacific, northern North Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean. The reduced SSTtogether with SSS increased ocean convection, which yielded an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water,Antarctic Bottom Water, and North Pacific Intermediate Water production and their outflows. The increasein overturning circulation eventually increased the pole-ward ocean heat fluxes. In conclusion, huge volcaniceruptions perturb the ocean substantially and their hallmarks last for more than a decade, confirmingthe importance of volcanic eruptions in illustrating the decadal-climate variability recorded in the paleoclimateproxy data for the past million years.
Abstract
The ocean’s response to the Pinatubo and 1259 volcanic eruptions was investigated using anocean general circulation model equipped with an energy balance model. Volcanic eruptions release gasesinto the atmosphere which increases the aerosol optical depth and acts to reduce the incoming short-waveradiation. For example, there was a huge volcanic eruption (Pinatubo) in 1991 which reduced the globalmean radiative forcing by about 3 W m−2. Two numerical experiments were simulated. The first experimentfeatures the Pinatubo eruption and the second experiment simulates the much larger volcanic eruptionthat occurred in 1259 when the radiative forcing was reduced by 7 times compared to the Pinatuboevent. With the reduced radiative forcing due to the Pinatubo eruption at about 3 W m−2 and 1259 eruptionat about 21 W m−2, the global mean sea surface temperature (SST) decreased to its lowest in the secondyear after each event by about 0.4oC and 1.6oC, respectively. Sea surface salinity (SSS) increased substantiallyin the northern North Pacific, northern North Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean. The reduced SSTtogether with SSS increased ocean convection, which yielded an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water,Antarctic Bottom Water, and North Pacific Intermediate Water production and their outflows. The increasein overturning circulation eventually increased the pole-ward ocean heat fluxes. In conclusion, huge volcaniceruptions perturb the ocean substantially and their hallmarks last for more than a decade, confirmingthe importance of volcanic eruptions in illustrating the decadal-climate variability recorded in the paleoclimateproxy data for the past million years.
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