북동 태평양 KR1 광구의 망간단괴 산출특성
Control of Manganese Nodule Characteristics by Volcanic Activity in the NE Equatorial Pacific
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Korea contract Mn-nodule field in the NE equatorial Pacific is composed of seven sectors with average water depths of 4,513-5,025 m. Of the various factors controlling the properties of Mn-nodule, it seems that water depth is likely connected to the chemical composition and occurrence of nodules. To test whether such an assumption held in each sector, we reviewed previous research data accumulated since1994 for one of the northern sectors (hereafter KR1) where there are stark contrasts in water depth. Highresolution seabed mapping clearly separates a northern part (KR1N) from a deeper southern part (KR1S), cutting across in the middle of the KR1. In addition, significant volcanic activities forming numerous seamounts are distinctive especially in KR1N. In terms of nodule occurrence, manganese nodules in KR1S are comparatively larger (2-4 cm) with a discoidal shape, while those in KR1N are generally small (<2 cm) with poly-lobate and irregular shapes. Nodules in KR1N also have lower Co, Cu, Mn and Ni, and higher Fe contents. The spatial separation in nodule characteristics might be caused by volcanic activities in KR1N rather than water depth contrast. During the formation of the seamounts in KR1N, rock fragments and volcanic ashes as new nuclei of the nodules would have been continuously generated. As a result, the nodules could not grow larger than 2 cm and display the shapes of a newbie (i.e., irregular and poly-lobate shapes). Moreover, significant Fe supply from volcanic activities probably decreases the Mn/Fe ratio, which may lead to the KR1 nodules being misinterpreted as a hydrogenic in origin compared to other sectors where a high Mn/Fe ratio is present.
Abstract
Korea contract Mn-nodule field in the NE equatorial Pacific is composed of seven sectors with average water depths of 4,513-5,025 m. Of the various factors controlling the properties of Mn-nodule, it seems that water depth is likely connected to the chemical composition and occurrence of nodules. To test whether such an assumption held in each sector, we reviewed previous research data accumulated since1994 for one of the northern sectors (hereafter KR1) where there are stark contrasts in water depth. Highresolution seabed mapping clearly separates a northern part (KR1N) from a deeper southern part (KR1S), cutting across in the middle of the KR1. In addition, significant volcanic activities forming numerous seamounts are distinctive especially in KR1N. In terms of nodule occurrence, manganese nodules in KR1S are comparatively larger (2-4 cm) with a discoidal shape, while those in KR1N are generally small (<2 cm) with poly-lobate and irregular shapes. Nodules in KR1N also have lower Co, Cu, Mn and Ni, and higher Fe contents. The spatial separation in nodule characteristics might be caused by volcanic activities in KR1N rather than water depth contrast. During the formation of the seamounts in KR1N, rock fragments and volcanic ashes as new nuclei of the nodules would have been continuously generated. As a result, the nodules could not grow larger than 2 cm and display the shapes of a newbie (i.e., irregular and poly-lobate shapes). Moreover, significant Fe supply from volcanic activities probably decreases the Mn/Fe ratio, which may lead to the KR1 nodules being misinterpreted as a hydrogenic in origin compared to other sectors where a high Mn/Fe ratio is present.
참고문헌 (30)
- 김현섭, "해저면 영상 관찰을 통한 망간단괴 채광 장애지역 분포 특성 연구", 물리탐사, 10(3), pp.173~182 (2007), 한국물리탐사학회
- 박상준, "한국이 탐사 중인 해저광물자원의 희유금속 함량과 의미", 자원환경지질, 43(5), pp.455~466 (2010), 대한자원환경지질학회
- 이찬희, "태평양, 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대에서 산출되는 망간단괴의형태적 분류", 지질학회지, 31(5), pp.560~565 (1995)
- 이현복, "KODOS 남쪽광구에서 자유낙하식 채취기로 채취된 망간단괴 부존률 평가를 위한 보정상수 검증", 자원환경지질, 44(6), pp.475~483 (2011), 대한자원환경지질학회
- 이현복, "북동태평양 한국 KODOS 연구지역 중 KR1 지역 망간단괴의 지역적인 특성 변화", 자원환경지질, 45(5), pp.477~486 (2012), 대한자원환경지질학회
- 정미숙, "북동태평양 KR1 광구 수심자료의 지형분석 : 웨이브렛 필터의 적용", Ocean and Polar Research, 29(4), pp.303~310 (2007), 한국해양과학기술원
- 지상범, "북동태평양 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대 KODOS 지역 심해저 퇴적물의 지질공학적 특성에 따른 유형분류", Ocean and Polar Research, 25(3s), pp.529~543 (2003), 한국해양과학기술원
- 최헌수, "망간단괴 미세조직에 따른 광물조성과 화학조성의 상관관계", 한국광물학회지, 13(4), pp.205~220 (2000)
- 최헌수, "망간단괴의 분화율과 망간단괴 분말 및 해저퇴적물의 물리적 특성", 한국광물학회지, 20(4), pp.277~287 (2007), 한국광물학회
- Aleksandrova OA, "Fatty acid composition of the iron manganese nodules and surrounding sediments in the Pacific and Indian oceans", Oceanology, 35(5), pp.630~637 (1996)
- Biscaye P, "Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the atlantic ocean and adjacent Seas and Oceans", Geol Soc Am Bull, 76(7), pp.803~832 (1965)
- Bischcoff JC, "The aluminosilicate fraction of North Pacific manganese nodules", Geochim Cosmochim Ac, 45, pp.2047~2049 (1981)
- Craig JD, "he relationship between bathymetry and ferromanganese deposits in the north equatorial Pacific", Mar Geol, 29, pp.165~186 (1979)
- Dekov VM, "Hydrothermal activity in the SE Tyrrhenian Sea: an overview of 30 years of research", Mar Geol, 204, pp.161~185 (2004)
- Dymond J, "Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S and R-control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes", Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 48, pp.931~949 (1984)
- Evans AM, "An Introduction to Ore Geology", pp.356~ (1980), Blackwell Sci Pub
- Glasby GP, "Marine Manganese Deposits. Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 15", pp.523~ (1977), Elsevier
- González FJ, "Internal features, mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from the Gulf of Cadiz: The role of the Mediterranean Outflow Water undercurrent", J Marine Syst, 80, pp.203~218 (2010)
- Halbach P, "The manganese nodule belt of the Pacific ocean", pp.270~ (1988), Ferdinand Enke Verlag
- Hein JR, "Bacterially mediated diagenetic origin for chert-hosted manganese deposits in the Franciscan Complex, California Coast Ranges", Geology, 15(8), pp.722~726 (1987)
- Hein JR, "Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Manganese Mineralization:Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. In: Nicholson K, Hein JR, Bühn B, Dasgupta S (eds)", Special Publication Geological Society of London, 119, pp.123~138 (1997)
- Hunter P, "Gridded bathymetry of the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone International Seabed Area. In: Bathymetric compilation in the East Pacific (for the ISA), Geological Model for the CCZ - A Prospectors Guide", The Assembly, ~ (2007)
- Jeong KS, "Sedimentary processes and manganese nodule formation in the Korea Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) area, western part of Clarion-Clipperton fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific", Mar Geol, 122(1-2), pp.125~150 (1994)
- Klitgord KD, "Northern east Pacific rise: Magnetic anomaly and bathymetric framework", J Geophys Res, 87(B8), pp.6725~6750 (1982)
- Youngtak ko, "Relationship between Mn Nodule Abundance and Other Geological Factors in the Northeastern Pacific: Application of GIS and Probability Method", Ocean Science Journal, 41(3), pp.149~161 (2006), 한국해양과학기술원
- Lee CH, "Authigenic phillipsite in deep-sea manganese nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton area, NE equatorial Pacific", Mar Geol, 148, pp.125~133 (1998)
- Lee SH, "Side-scan sonar characteristics and manganese nodule abundance in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zones, NE equatorial Pacific", Mar Georesour Geotec, 22, pp.103~114 (2004)
- Murray J, "Reports on deep-sea deposits based on specimens collected during the voyage of H.M.S. CHALLENGER in the years 1872-1876", pp.525~ (1872)
- Rona P, "Marine minerals for 21st century", Episodes, 25, pp.2~12 (2002)
- Rona P, "Resources of the sea floor", Science, 299, pp.673~674 (2003)