이슬람급진주의와 지하드의 글로벌화

Abstract

The term, 'Islamic fundamentalism' is primarily used in the Western world to describe Islamist groups. It describes the beliefs of traditional Muslims; that they should restrict themselves to literal and conservative interpretations of their sacred texts, the Qur'an and Hadith. By extension, fundamentalism may include a variety of religious movements and groups in Muslim communities which may be entirely apolitical. As with adherents of other fundamentalist movements, Islamic fundamentalists hold that the problems of the world stem from secular influences. Further, the path to peace and justice in this world lies in a return to the original message of the faith, combined with a scrupulous rejection of all Bid'ah(innovation) and perceived anti-Islamic traditions. While there have historically been many non-violent Muslim fundamentalists, one Western connotation of the term fundamentalism is the assertion of views through violence or oppression, rather than persuasion. Islamic fundamentalism and especially Islamism is becoming more and more in conflict with the secular, democratic state, based upon the widely supported Universal Rights. In terms of secular states, the ultimate goal of fundamentalist movements is the overthrowing of secular governments and the implementation of theocratic government. From the twentieth century to the present day, there have been rising tensions between secularized states and growing fundamentalist movements, as well as varied instances of compromises. In this process, Islamic fundamental movement has become a political movement, and some groups turned radical by construing the concept of Jihad in its own way. Modern Islamist terrorist groups are often inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood, which was the prototype of the later Islamist groups. Some Islamist terrorist groups, notably Hezbollah, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad and Al-Qaeda have employed suicide bombers as a weapon of choice. Their use of suicide bombers occurs in spite of Islamic strictures against suicide and condemnation of suicide bombings by Muslim religious authorities not affiliated with terrorist groups. The term is frequently mistranslated into English as a "holy war"; however, the concept of jihad encompasses more than just warfare, and a more accurate translation probably would be "holy struggle", "righteous struggle" or "holy endeavour". The denotation is of a challenging or difficult, (frequently)opposed effort, made either in accomplishment or resistance. A person who engages in any form of jihad is called a "mujahid", meaning "striver" or "struggler". This term is most often used to mean a person who engages in fighting, but, for example a Muslim struggling to memorize the Qur'an is called a mujahid. Jihad, a biased interpretation is sometimes used to describe militant Islamic groups, including Islamist terrorism.