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‘아랍의 봄’과 사우디아라비아의 정치개혁

‘Arab Spring’ and Political Reforms in Saudi Arabia

최영철
한국이슬람학회 (Korean Association Of The Islamic Studies)|2015.02|한국이슬람학회논총 (Annals of Korean Association of the Islamic Studies)|제25권 제1호|pp. 61-97

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아랍의 봄정치개혁Arab SpringSaudi Arabia사우디아라비아Political ReformsKing Abdullah마즐리스 알-슈라압둘라 국왕이슬람주의자들.Majlis al-ShuraIslamists.
주제분류종교학

초록

This paper reviews the political reform processes in Saudi Arabiasince 1990s mainly focusing on the period under the King Abdullah'srule. And then it analyzes the responses and political reform efforts ofthe Saudi government after the ‘Arab Spring.’ It also discusses thepetition movements for the political reform in Saudi Arabia which haveintensified after the Arab Spring and explores the consequences forthe Saudi political reforms. The author argues that Islamists and liberal elites demanded politicalreforms such as political liberalization, expansion of participation andpolitical openness after the 9/11 in 2001 and the Saudi governmenthad responded to the pressure positively taking an incremental politicalliberalization strategy with the carrot and stick policy. One of thesymbolic liberalization measures was the municipal election, held in2005. This study found that Saudi ruling family's response to the 'ArabSpring' was a preemptive counter-revolutionary strategy whichcombined a harsh repression of political challengers and co-optationwith a package of social welfare subsidies and financial inducements. The first positive response of the Saudi ruling family to the politicalreform pressure after the 'Arab Spring' was the municipal elections,held on 22 September 2011. And in September 2011, King Abdullahgranted women the right to vote in the 2015 municipal election. Asanother positive measure to the political reform pressure, the KingAbdullah appointed 30 women to the previously all-male 150 membersMajlis al-Shura (Consultative Council) in January 2013. In the concluding chapter, the author argues that the factors whichhave contributed to the relative political stability in Saudi Arabia,compared to Tunisia and Egypt, are 1) vast government financialreserves of the Saudi government, 2) the effectiveness of the state'scoercive apparatus, 3) well-developed patron-client networks, 4)division of the reform camp between liberals and Islamists, 5)conservative and religious education system, and 6) traditional andconservative ethical norms of the Saudi society. He also argues thatthe positive factors for the political liberalization are as follows: 1) thecurrents of political liberalization process in Saudi Arabia since 1990seven though it is incremental, 2) the strengthening trend of thefunctions of Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Council), 3) the growth ofSaudi civil society such as human rights NGOs, 4) the growth of thehorizontal communications means of the social networking space, and5) influx of human and material resources and information from theinternational community.

Abstract

This paper reviews the political reform processes in Saudi Arabiasince 1990s mainly focusing on the period under the King Abdullah'srule. And then it analyzes the responses and political reform efforts ofthe Saudi government after the ‘Arab Spring.’ It also discusses thepetition movements for the political reform in Saudi Arabia which haveintensified after the Arab Spring and explores the consequences forthe Saudi political reforms. The author argues that Islamists and liberal elites demanded politicalreforms such as political liberalization, expansion of participation andpolitical openness after the 9/11 in 2001 and the Saudi governmenthad responded to the pressure positively taking an incremental politicalliberalization strategy with the carrot and stick policy. One of thesymbolic liberalization measures was the municipal election, held in2005. This study found that Saudi ruling family's response to the 'ArabSpring' was a preemptive counter-revolutionary strategy whichcombined a harsh repression of political challengers and co-optationwith a package of social welfare subsidies and financial inducements. The first positive response of the Saudi ruling family to the politicalreform pressure after the 'Arab Spring' was the municipal elections,held on 22 September 2011. And in September 2011, King Abdullahgranted women the right to vote in the 2015 municipal election. Asanother positive measure to the political reform pressure, the KingAbdullah appointed 30 women to the previously all-male 150 membersMajlis al-Shura (Consultative Council) in January 2013. In the concluding chapter, the author argues that the factors whichhave contributed to the relative political stability in Saudi Arabia,compared to Tunisia and Egypt, are 1) vast government financialreserves of the Saudi government, 2) the effectiveness of the state'scoercive apparatus, 3) well-developed patron-client networks, 4)division of the reform camp between liberals and Islamists, 5)conservative and religious education system, and 6) traditional andconservative ethical norms of the Saudi society. He also argues thatthe positive factors for the political liberalization are as follows: 1) thecurrents of political liberalization process in Saudi Arabia since 1990seven though it is incremental, 2) the strengthening trend of thefunctions of Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Council), 3) the growth ofSaudi civil society such as human rights NGOs, 4) the growth of thehorizontal communications means of the social networking space, and5) influx of human and material resources and information from theinternational community.

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