낙랑출토 금제교구와 중앙아시아
A Gold Belt Buckle of Nangnang and Central Asia
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Abstract
In this paper, I want to introduce a famous gold belt buckle of Nangnang (樂浪), which was excavated in the Tomb No. 9 of the Seogam Village Site in Pyeongyang, North Korea. The owner of this gold buckle might be a elite ruler in the high status in Nangnang society, and this was a kind of prestige goods for elite rulers of Nangnang. It was made of thin gold sheets and decorated with gold granules and jewels. The technical levels of this gold belt is very high and shows the close cultural relationships with the style of ancient nomadic culture of Central Asia. This tomb was excavated by Japanese colonial archaeologists in 1916, when Korea was under the Japanese colonial state. Those Japanese scholars emphasized the Chinese colonial state of Nangnang culture, instead of its original and regional traditions. Thus they have thought that this gold belt buckle was made in Han China, and sent to the elite of Nangnang as a imperial gift. However, there are very few gold or silver objects made by hammering and repousèe techniques found in the mainland of China of that time. Instead, such gold and silver objects from Xiongnu tombs in Mongolia and from ancient Saka tombs in Central Asia have much similarities with gold and silvers of Nangnang tombs. Thus I reconsider the origin of this gold belt buckle in Nangnang must have come from the ancient Northern nomadic cultures such as Xiongnu, instead of the cultures of mainland China. I think the original workshop and craftmen of this gold belt buckle of Nangnang might be in Nangnang’s own territory, rather than in the royal court of Han China. Nangnang was recorded as a colony of Han China after the collapse of ancient Joseon, but the culture of Nangnang has more complex characteristics beyond Han China. The culture of Nangnang was complicated mixture of the original local culture of ancient Joseon and the traditional remote friend Xiongnu of the North and the political and close oversee ruler of Han China. It may possible that the northern Eurasian Silk Road from the northern Korean Peninsula to the middle central Asian steppes were developed from the early period and sustained until the second century A. D. just before the three Kingdoms of ancient Korea acquired the political powers. The gold and silver ornaments from Nangnang tombs might be a sign of cultural autonomy for Nangnang rulers who might have had constant relationships with the North and Central Asia.
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