카르트조를 통해 본 몽골 제국의 질서 변화와 속국 관계

Abstract

To effectively oversee the regions of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, Chinggis Khan granted Rukn al-Din the authority to govern the Ghur region. Chinggis Khan's decree laid the foundation for Shams al-Din to succeed Rukn al-Din, enabling him to sustain and expand his influence. Essentially, Chinggis Khan established the Kart dynasty as a Mongol vassal state. However, during the reigns of Ögödei and Güyük, the rule over the Kartids by the Qa'an loosened, leading to an increase in influence for the Jochi Ulus and Chaghatai Ulus in that area. Möngke later assumed the Qa'an position from Ögödei's descendants and implemented a centralized system for himself and the Toluid family. He attempted to reinstate Qa'an's authority in the region through the Kartids. However, with Möngke's demise and the empire in turmoil, Qubilai, the new Qa'an, lost control of Western Asia. Instead, the Hülegü Ulus displaced the Jochi Ulus and Chaghatai Ulus, making the Kart dynasty their vassal. The relationship between the Mongols and their vassal states was not uniform, as demonstrated by the case of the Kart dynasty. The Mongols invited local ruling powers to submit to them; if accepted, these powers were assured their right to rule. Examples of this include the Uyghur and Koryo dynasties. Simultaneously, the Mongols created vassal states loyal to them by granting smaller yet friendly powers the right to govern vast territories and providing political and military support. In the absence of direct control, the Mongols sought to govern indirectly through these vassal states. Despite being subject to the Mongol Empire broadly, the loyalties of these vassal states varied based on circumstances. Notably, following the so-called 'dissolution' of the Mongol Empire, each Ulus aimed to expand its influence by gaining control over existing vassal states, resulting in the transformation of the Kart dynasty from a 'Qa'an’s vassal state' to a 'Khan’s vassal state.' Consequently, the relationship between the Mongols and their vassals evolved over time, aligning with changes in the Mongol world order. Furthermore, the area encompassing Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Kart dynasty was situated, was a pivotal point where the interests of various uluses within the Mongol Empire intersected. This region held its economic significance and served as a crucial gateway to Iran in the west, Central Asia in the east, and India in the south. Additionally, it functioned as a strategic base for controlling and defending the expansion of other uluses. The local ruling power, the Kartids, was thus of paramount importance to each ulus. Consequently, the shifting relationship between the Mongols and the Kartids reflected the changing hierarchy within the empire.