明 中期 民間 醫藥業의 成長과 ‘棄儒爲醫’
Development of privatized medico-pharmaceutical business and ‘the ideology of relinquish confucianism and devote in medicine(棄儒爲醫) in mid-Ming dynasty
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In the history of China, from the mid Ming dynasty to the establishment of Qing dynasty, were a transition period which lead diverse changes also in medico-pharmaceutical business. Firstly, increase in commercial transaction and emergence of drug merchants and establishment of drug market. Secondly, technological development in publication aspects which lead to massive issue in medico-pharmaceutical books. Thirdly, increase in medico-pharmaceutical interchange with foreign countries and the transmission of western medical practices for the first time. Fourthly, adoption of smallpox vaccine in public health and development in treatment and prevention of vocational diseases. Fifthly, specialization in various fields of medicine and appearance of hospitals and publications on specific field. Sixthly, decrease in national pharmaceutical business while emerging privatized one. Diverse socio-economical circumstances lead above mentioned shift in medico-pharmaceutical aspects. These changes reflect the ideological modification that can be state ‘relinquish confucianism and devote in medicine.’(棄儒爲醫) From the mid-Ming dynasty the floating population has been gradually increased and those who made a living by commerce was also augmented. Chinese, who have strong affinity to familial and territorial ties, formed relatively exclusive groups based on connections. Merchants who dealt in pharmaceutical business also had this tendency. They exclusively ran meetings and formed associations according to their business, which is supposed to have facilitate their business in trading pharmaceutics and accumulate wealth. From the mid-Ming dynasty the emergence of drug market was noticeable though its formations was precedent. Floating population from the mid-Ming dynasty not only limited in territorial migrations but also brought opportunity to occupational diversity. Trend in relinquish confucianism and devote in medicine was partially due to the possibility of wealth accumulations as well as reflects the ideological changes regarding confucianism, commerce, medicine and socio-economical changes occurred in that era.
Abstract
In the history of China, from the mid Ming dynasty to the establishment of Qing dynasty, were a transition period which lead diverse changes also in medico-pharmaceutical business. Firstly, increase in commercial transaction and emergence of drug merchants and establishment of drug market. Secondly, technological development in publication aspects which lead to massive issue in medico-pharmaceutical books. Thirdly, increase in medico-pharmaceutical interchange with foreign countries and the transmission of western medical practices for the first time. Fourthly, adoption of smallpox vaccine in public health and development in treatment and prevention of vocational diseases. Fifthly, specialization in various fields of medicine and appearance of hospitals and publications on specific field. Sixthly, decrease in national pharmaceutical business while emerging privatized one. Diverse socio-economical circumstances lead above mentioned shift in medico-pharmaceutical aspects. These changes reflect the ideological modification that can be state ‘relinquish confucianism and devote in medicine.’(棄儒爲醫) From the mid-Ming dynasty the floating population has been gradually increased and those who made a living by commerce was also augmented. Chinese, who have strong affinity to familial and territorial ties, formed relatively exclusive groups based on connections. Merchants who dealt in pharmaceutical business also had this tendency. They exclusively ran meetings and formed associations according to their business, which is supposed to have facilitate their business in trading pharmaceutics and accumulate wealth. From the mid-Ming dynasty the emergence of drug market was noticeable though its formations was precedent. Floating population from the mid-Ming dynasty not only limited in territorial migrations but also brought opportunity to occupational diversity. Trend in relinquish confucianism and devote in medicine was partially due to the possibility of wealth accumulations as well as reflects the ideological changes regarding confucianism, commerce, medicine and socio-economical changes occurred in that era.
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