Exemplar Entrenchment and Effects of Word Familiarity in Korean /n/-insertion
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This study examines the relationship between frequency effects,specifically word familiarity, and sound change, focusing on Korean /n/-insertion,considering social factors such as dialect, age, and gender. The Frequency Actuation Hypothesis (FAH) identifies two sound change types: physiologically motivated, driven by frequent word usage reducing articulatory effort, and non-physiologically motivated, where high-frequency words resist change due to established usage. Data were collected from 20 native speakers of North Kyungsang Korean (NKK), a dialect characterized by its conservative inclinations to sound change, and 20 native speakers of Seoul Korean (SK), a dialect known for its innovative tendencies in sound change. Findings show that higher familiarity words exhibit a higher incidence of /n/-insertion compared to lower familiarity words, suggesting that /n/-insertion, being a traditional phonological phenomenon, persists more robustly in words that are more familiar to speakers despite the ongoing shift towards resyllabification in less familiar words. Additionally, social factors such as dialect, gender, and age influence linguistic variation, with older male NKK speakers adhering to /n/-insertion, while younger female SK speakers are more inclined towards the resyllabification. This trend is further supported by the weak tie hypothesis, which suggests that older, more conservative dialect groups are associated with greater linguistic entrenchment.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between frequency effects,specifically word familiarity, and sound change, focusing on Korean /n/-insertion,considering social factors such as dialect, age, and gender. The Frequency Actuation Hypothesis (FAH) identifies two sound change types: physiologically motivated, driven by frequent word usage reducing articulatory effort, and non-physiologically motivated, where high-frequency words resist change due to established usage. Data were collected from 20 native speakers of North Kyungsang Korean (NKK), a dialect characterized by its conservative inclinations to sound change, and 20 native speakers of Seoul Korean (SK), a dialect known for its innovative tendencies in sound change. Findings show that higher familiarity words exhibit a higher incidence of /n/-insertion compared to lower familiarity words, suggesting that /n/-insertion, being a traditional phonological phenomenon, persists more robustly in words that are more familiar to speakers despite the ongoing shift towards resyllabification in less familiar words. Additionally, social factors such as dialect, gender, and age influence linguistic variation, with older male NKK speakers adhering to /n/-insertion, while younger female SK speakers are more inclined towards the resyllabification. This trend is further supported by the weak tie hypothesis, which suggests that older, more conservative dialect groups are associated with greater linguistic entrenchment.
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