The Role of L1 and Degrees of L2 Exposure on Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution in L2 Processing
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This study used an eye-tracking approach to investigate the effects of L1 parsing strategies and the different degrees of L2 exposure on L1-Korean (a high-attachment preferred language) ESL learners’ processing of ambiguous NP1-of-NP2-RC (relative clause) construction in English (a low-attachment preferred language). Twenty native English speakers and 32 advanced Korean-speaking learners of ESL varying length of residence in the US read temporarily ambiguous English RC sentences (e.g., Cindy knows the assistants of the scientist who was/were attending the workshop) while the eye-tracking system recorded their eye-movements. Also included in the study was an RC-attachment preference task in English, as well as in Korean for the Korean speakers. Those were designed to elicit participants’ RC attachment preferences in reading the globally ambiguous RC constructions, respectively in English and Korean. The following results were obtained. First, the data from the learners with relatively less L2 exposure presented a clear evidence for L1 transfer, which favored high-attachment resolution in both L1 and L2 reading. By contrast, the extensive-exposure group showed significantly different preference patterns between their reading of the L1 and L2, specifically with a reliably strong high-attachment preference in Korean, but slightly higher low-attachment preference in English. Second, the analysis of the eye-movements demonstrated that the extensive-exposure group presented different parsing patterns from those of the low-exposure group, but similar patterns to those of English speakers, with slightly faster reading patterns in the low-attachment conditions across the measures. The statistical analyses found no reliable differences between the two attachment conditions for most measures for the extensive-exposure groups. Crucially however, consistently faster reading patterns in the low-attachment than in the high-attachment condition throughout multiple eye-tracking measures suggested that the learners with more extensive L2 exposure can deploy parsing mechanisms comparable to those used by native speakers, but probably in a less efficient way. These findings are discussed in the light of Cuetos, Mitchell, and Corley’s (1996) tuning hypothesis and Clahsen and Felser’s (2006) shallow structure hypothesis.
Abstract
This study used an eye-tracking approach to investigate the effects of L1 parsing strategies and the different degrees of L2 exposure on L1-Korean (a high-attachment preferred language) ESL learners’ processing of ambiguous NP1-of-NP2-RC (relative clause) construction in English (a low-attachment preferred language). Twenty native English speakers and 32 advanced Korean-speaking learners of ESL varying length of residence in the US read temporarily ambiguous English RC sentences (e.g., Cindy knows the assistants of the scientist who was/were attending the workshop) while the eye-tracking system recorded their eye-movements. Also included in the study was an RC-attachment preference task in English, as well as in Korean for the Korean speakers. Those were designed to elicit participants’ RC attachment preferences in reading the globally ambiguous RC constructions, respectively in English and Korean. The following results were obtained. First, the data from the learners with relatively less L2 exposure presented a clear evidence for L1 transfer, which favored high-attachment resolution in both L1 and L2 reading. By contrast, the extensive-exposure group showed significantly different preference patterns between their reading of the L1 and L2, specifically with a reliably strong high-attachment preference in Korean, but slightly higher low-attachment preference in English. Second, the analysis of the eye-movements demonstrated that the extensive-exposure group presented different parsing patterns from those of the low-exposure group, but similar patterns to those of English speakers, with slightly faster reading patterns in the low-attachment conditions across the measures. The statistical analyses found no reliable differences between the two attachment conditions for most measures for the extensive-exposure groups. Crucially however, consistently faster reading patterns in the low-attachment than in the high-attachment condition throughout multiple eye-tracking measures suggested that the learners with more extensive L2 exposure can deploy parsing mechanisms comparable to those used by native speakers, but probably in a less efficient way. These findings are discussed in the light of Cuetos, Mitchell, and Corley’s (1996) tuning hypothesis and Clahsen and Felser’s (2006) shallow structure hypothesis.
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