영국 교양소설의 진화: 조지 맥도날드의 『판타스티스』
The Evolution of British Bildungsroman: George MacDonald’s Phantastes
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This paper proposes to replace George MacDonald’s fist fantasy novel for adult readers Phatastes in the history of British Bildungsroman. While MacDonald has been considered a religious mentor or a fairy-tale writer for children, Phatastes reveals richer literary legacy than his later fairy-tales for children. Goethe’s The Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister, together with other German Romantics, had a great influence on MacDonald’s early years. Instead of transforming Bildungsroman into a more realistic genre as other British author such as Charles Dickens and George Eliot, MacDonald goes against the major trend of the contemporary discipline of realism. He draws more on the Romantic tradition in English literature than on social satire or moral realism of contemporary novelists. Phantastes owes much to Goethe and Shelley in that the hero starts on a journey to find the ideal of his life. MacDonald combined the Bildung of the hero with fantastic adventures in the land of the fairy, making the organic unity of the classic Bildungsroman, now destroyed in the modern world after the French Revolution, possible once more. In Phatastes, MacDonald tries to reconcile the apparently conflicting ideals, a Romantic artist who risks everything to find the ideal beauty and an ideal Victorian gentleman who can judge what is right and is courageous enough to act according to his own judgement whatever comes his way. This effort results in the bricolage, often blamed for its lack of consistency and unifying principle. Apart from the fact that the genre of Bildungsroman itself presuppose a degree of bricolage, MacDonald’s bricolage can be regarded as a significant experiment in the evolution of Birtish Bildungsroman, marking its important point of bifurcation.
Abstract
This paper proposes to replace George MacDonald’s fist fantasy novel for adult readers Phatastes in the history of British Bildungsroman. While MacDonald has been considered a religious mentor or a fairy-tale writer for children, Phatastes reveals richer literary legacy than his later fairy-tales for children. Goethe’s The Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister, together with other German Romantics, had a great influence on MacDonald’s early years. Instead of transforming Bildungsroman into a more realistic genre as other British author such as Charles Dickens and George Eliot, MacDonald goes against the major trend of the contemporary discipline of realism. He draws more on the Romantic tradition in English literature than on social satire or moral realism of contemporary novelists. Phantastes owes much to Goethe and Shelley in that the hero starts on a journey to find the ideal of his life. MacDonald combined the Bildung of the hero with fantastic adventures in the land of the fairy, making the organic unity of the classic Bildungsroman, now destroyed in the modern world after the French Revolution, possible once more. In Phatastes, MacDonald tries to reconcile the apparently conflicting ideals, a Romantic artist who risks everything to find the ideal beauty and an ideal Victorian gentleman who can judge what is right and is courageous enough to act according to his own judgement whatever comes his way. This effort results in the bricolage, often blamed for its lack of consistency and unifying principle. Apart from the fact that the genre of Bildungsroman itself presuppose a degree of bricolage, MacDonald’s bricolage can be regarded as a significant experiment in the evolution of Birtish Bildungsroman, marking its important point of bifurcation.
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