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의인화가 인공지능의 윤리적 책임 평가에 미치는 영향: 지각된 자유의지의 매개효과를 중심으로

The Effect of Anthropomorphism on AI’s Ethical Responsibility: The Mediating Role of the Perceived Freewill

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초록

본 연구는 무생물인 인공지능에게 사람들이 윤리적 책임을 기대하는 심리적 기제를 밝혀, 인간-인공지능 상호작용에서 인공지능 윤리의 중요성을 제안하기 위해 설계되었다. 구체적으로 의인화에 의해 야기된 지각된 인공지능 자유의지 수준이 높아질수록 사람들이 지각하는 인공지능의 윤리적 책임이 크기가 커질 것이라는 가설을 설문연구를 통해 검증하였다. 20~50대 남녀를 대상으로 진행한 설문조사 결과, 의인화가 인공지능의 윤리적 책임에 미치는 정적 영향이 검증되었다. 이러한 영향은 의인화에 의해 야기된 지각된 인공지능 자유의지에 의해서 완전 매개되었다. 또한, 인간과 인공지능 비교를 통해, 지각된 자유의지가 윤리적 책임에 미치는 정적 영향이 인간과 인공지능에게 모두 같은 방향으로 적용된다는 것이 검증되었고, 사람들이 인간에 비해 인공지능의 자유의지를 낮게 지각하고, 윤리적 책임 역시 낮게 지각하는 이유가 인간에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 의인화 수준 때문이라는 것을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 사람들이 무생물인 인공지능에게 윤리적 책임을 기대하는 심리적 기제가 지각된 인공지능 자유의지임을 밝혀 인간-인공지능 상호작용에 대한 이해를 넓혔다는 이론적 함의와 윤리적 인공지능 디자인의 필요성을 제안했다는 실무적 함의를 함께 담고 있다.

Abstract

The present research examined the psychological mechanism that lead individuals to expect ethical responsibility of artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, this research tested the hypothesis that the positive effect of anthropomorphism on the AI’s ethical responsibility is mediated by the perceived freewill. The findings showed that the higher the level of anthropomorphism of AI, the greater the AI’s ethical responsibility. Also, this effect was fully mediated by the perceived AI’s freewill caused by anthropomorphism. Additionally, findings showed that the positive effect of perceived freewill on ethical responsibility applies to both human and AI. That is, participants reported lower ethical responsibility for AI than human as the level of freewill of AI was perceived to be lower than that of human. This research offers theoretical implications of expanding the understanding of human-AI interactions by revealing that the psychological mechanism in which individuals expect ethical responsibility to AI is the perceived free will of AI. It also provides managerial and policy implications by suggesting the need for ethical design of AI for human-AI interaction.

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