자은대사 규기의 오종유식(五種唯識) 고찰

Abstract

Jaeun Kuiji (慈恩窺基, 632-682) categorized characteristics of Consciousness -Only Buddhism into five aspects in the Dasheng Fayuan Yilin Chang, and called them the Five Aspects of Consciousness-Only (五種唯識). This essay is a pedagogical examination of the Five Aspects of Consciousness-Only, which aims to show why Kuiji organized them as he did. The Five Aspects of Consciousness-Only Buddhism consist of objective conditions (境), interpretation of scripture (敎), principles (理), meditation and practice (行), and the fruit of Buddhahood (果). These five terms are not found in earlier Buddhist scriptures, and thus they can be considered as original terms defined by Kuiji. As for their respective meanings, the aspect of objective conditions express the logic of Yogâcāra perceiving external objects from a perspective that focuses on what is observed cognitively. The aspect of interpretation lists teachings of Consciousness-Only as shown in various scriptures, while the aspect of principles analyzes the doctrine of Consciousness-Only as shown in scriptures based on the logic of transformation (轉變). Practice deals with the method of contemplating and observing the logic of Consciousness-Only and the practices related to those teachings. Lastly, the fruit of Buddhahood explains wisdom and the hierarchy of practice as the result of contemplating and observing the logic of Consciousness-Only. Based on the discussions appearing in each of these five aspects, this study identifies key doctrines and further examines the background of Kuiji’s categorization of Yogâcāra teachings. The findings suggest that divisions within the structure of the ‘Triṃśikā-kārikā’ or ‘Ch'engwei-shih-jun’ were extended to the Five Aspects of Consciousness-Only by adding sections corresponding with ‘realization through teaching’ (敎證) and ‘realization through principle’ (理證) to cognitive objects (境), practice (行) and fruit (果). Kuiji particularly emphasized the importance of objective conditions. Expanding the discourse in the Dasheng Fayuan Yilin Chang, he further supplemented the aspect of objective conditions into six gates (六門). By doing so, he presumably attempted to reaffirm the core teaching of Consciousness-Only Buddhism, which is that all phenomena are nothing but consciousness (萬法唯識). This was emphasized with an investigation into the denial of external objects (外境) from various points of view.