아라미까와 승가의 지주화에 대한 一考

Abstract

This paper examined how the Vinaya Piṭaka explained how theĀrāmika and Saṅgha became land-holders. An Ārāmika was an ordinaryperson who practiced the Kappa. Ārāmika were the laity belonging toSaṅgha who, on behalf of Buddhist monks, dealt with matters that wereperceptually impermissible and thus kept to the Kappa. The Pātimokkhashows that various provisions increased due to public slander of Buddhistmonks’ for the taking of life, and owning gold and silver bills. When managing monasteries and building residences, Buddhist monkslet the Ārāmika do the work in order to avoid taking lives. Particularlythe Saṅgha abandoned control to the Ārāmika by letting Ārāmika givealms with respect to temple offering of gold and silver bills. In addition, Ārāmika cultivated farmland that belonged to the Saṅghaof Four Quarters. Saṅgha began to take a variety of alms from farmlandto farming equipment including animals such as cows which were usedfor farming other than temple through Ārāmika. Also Ārāmika farmedand were paid with wage and food for their labor. Thus Saṅgha becamea landlord owning farmland. The land the laity donated was somewhathelpful to manage both the Saṅgha and the laity’s economy. As stated above, the relationship between the Ārāmika and Saṅghaseemed more likely to be one of interdependence rather thansubordination (of the Ārāmika). Ārāmika might not have been given theopportunity to manage monasteries, and gold and silver bills if they had not gained the Buddhist monks’ confidence. Therefore, the creditabilityof Ārāmika is seen as a key factor that affects Ārāmika’s livelihood.