《民法典》视域下正常经营买受人规则研究
Research on the Rule of Normal Business Purchasers within the Context of the “Civil Code”
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초록
“正常经营买受人规则”作为抵押财产的“流出”关系中买受人特殊保护规 则，曾被作为辅助规则置于浮动抵押制度项下. 直至中国于2019年世界银 行营商环境调查中“获得信贷便利度指标”之得分结果，立法者改变固守态 度，转而将其作为独立条文并上升为动产抵押畴域的一般规则，可谓兼 备效率与公平的技术性法律. 然而由于立法对这一规则仅作框架性的概念 性陈述，自法文本身的高度凝练性和价值追求抽象性，若不经解释将引 致实务审判的司法肆意. 同时，其与“动产抵押登记对抗规则”“动产抵押物 转让规则”为一组规范安排，梳理规则间衔接适用的重要性自不待言. 在 此意义上，打通“正常经营买受人规则”背后的体系论和解释论是最为核心 的问题. 本文以《民法典（物权编）》为研究底本，从域外立法以及实务 审判维度洞悉该规则之寓意. 在“抵押人处分自由”公之于世的背景下，通 过体系解释、目的解释等方式分析该规则与“动产抵押登记对抗规则”“动 产抵押物转让规则”应呈现的“强弱井然”动态关系. 从法律规范与社会效应 两方面，联系利益平衡方法解构该规则涵涉的运行要素，进一步精确其 中带出的创新性衍文. 基于解放财富理念，搭配落实合理性保护，以防止 一方盆丰钵满，另一方身陷困顿之僵局. 为防止抵押权人利益过分轻易丧 失，需要排除买受人在交易中存在“恶意”的情况，即买受人应持有相当程 度的“善意”. 除此之外，因买受人于“正常经营活动”中取得完整所有权后， 抵押财产上的抵押权归于消灭，此时赋予抵押权人就价款主张物上代位 之权利. 为促进物上代位权在实践中得以更好地运用，可在事后通过设定 权利质权之手段予以救济，同时配合设置额外补偿责任作以平衡利益的 维权砝码.
Abstract
As the special protection rule of the buyer in the outflow relationship of the mortgaged property, the “normal operation buyer rule” has been placed under the floating mortgage system as an auxiliary rule. Until the score of China’s “access to credit facility index” in the world Bank environmental Survey in 2019, legislators changed their fixed attitude and took it as an independent provision and raised it to the general rule in the field of chattel mortgage, which is a technical law with both efficiency and fairness. However, due to the legislation of this rule is only a framework of conceptual statement, since the law itself is highly condensed and the value of the pursuit of abstractness, if not explained will lead to the practice of judicial arbitrary. At the same time, it is a set of normative arrangements with “chattel mortgage registration antagonistic rules” and “chattel mortgage transfer rules”, so it is of great importance to comb out the cohesion and application of the rules. In this sense, it is the core problem of this paper to get through the system theory and explanation theory behind the “normal business buyer rule”. Based on the Civil Code (Real Rights), this paper explores the implication of the rules from the perspectives of extraterritorial legislation and practical trial. Under the background of “freedom of punishment of the mortgagor”, the dynamic relationship between this rule and “chattel mortgage registration and confrontation rule” and “chattel mortgage transfer rule” should be analyzed by means of system explanation and purpose explanation. From the two aspects of legal norms and social effects, the balance of interests method is used to deconstruct the operational elements involved in the rule and to further refine the innovative provisions. Based on the concept of wealth liberation, with reasonable protection, to prevent one party from rich income, the other party into a difficult situation. In order to prevent the loss of the mortgagee’s interests too easily, it is necessary to exclude the “bad faith” of the buyer in the transaction and require the buyer to hold a considerable degree of “good faith”. In addition, because the buyer in the “normal management of the buyer rules” after the acquisition of complete ownership, the mortgage on the mortgage target due to the extinction, at this time to grant the mortgagee to claim the price claim subrogation rights. In order to promote the better use of the right of subrogation in the practice of gold and property, it can be relieved by the means of establishing the right pledge after the event, and at the same time, it can balance the weight of the right protection of the mortgagee by setting up additional compensation liability.
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