요세푸스의 갈릴리인 이해를 바탕으로 예수의 갈릴리인 정체성 다시 읽기 ― 요한복음의 인종-종족 문제를 중심으로
Revisiting Jesus’ Galilean Identity through the Lens of Josephus — A Racial-Ethnic Rereading of the Gospel of John
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초록
본 논문은 요한복음에 나타난 예수의 갈릴리인(Γαλιλαῖος) 정체성을 요세푸스의 눈으로 새롭게 해석하고자 한다. 유대 역사가인 요세푸스에 따르면 갈릴리인 정체성은 고정적이라기보다는 유동적이다. 특히 이런 특징은 갈릴리인이 유대인 그리고 사마리아인과 교류하는 과정에서 잘 드러난다. 고대 사회에서 갈릴리인의 복잡한 인종-종족 정체성을 상세하게 기술한 요세푸스의 작품은 거의 동시대에 집필된 요한복음을 이해하는 데에 있어서 깊은 통찰력을 제공한다. 본고는 요세푸스의 갈릴리인에대한 다양한 기술을 충분히 탐구한 이후에 먼저 요한복음에 나타난 여러 종족들, 즉 갈릴리인, 유대인, 사마리아인, 그리고 로마인 사이의 역동적인 관계에 주목하고자 한다. 그다음 본고는 이를 토대로 예수의 갈릴리인 정체성을 보다 예리하게 해부할 것이다. 요한복음 전체에 걸쳐 갈릴리인 예수의 인종-종족 정체성은 유대성(Jewishness)에 기반하면서도 다른 인종-종족과의 관계에 따라서 다소 변동적인 것으로 나타난다. 결론적으로 본고는 요한복음 속 갈릴리인 예수의 인종-종족 정체성이 유대성에 중심을 두면서도 유대성과 비(非)유대성의 경계선을 넘나드는 사회· 문화적인 구성체임을 주장하는 바이다.
Abstract
This essay is an attempt to reread Jesus’ Galilean identity as mirrored in the Gospel of John through the lens of Flavius Josephus. In the eyes of Josephus, a first-century Jewish historian, the identity of the Galileans is malleable rather than static, especially in their interactions with Judeans and Samaritans. The underlying assumption is that race-ethnicity is a social and cultural construction across spatial and temporal constraints. Drawing on Josephus’ variegated representations of the complicated identity of the Galileans in antiquity, the essay undertakes to explore the ethnic dynamics between Galileans, Judeans, Samaritans, and Romans in the Gospel of John with a focus on Jesus’ identity as a Galilean. Overall, Jesus’ racial-ethnic identity revolves around his Jewish identity. At the same time, however, it is also changeable according to his dealings with other racial-ethnic groups. It is, therefore, my contention that Jesus’ Galilean identity is a social and cultural construction which switches back and forth between Jewishness and non-Jewishness.
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