Covid-19 and Transitions: Case Material from Southeast Asia
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
During the past two decades, the Southeast Asian region has experienced a range of major crises. Service industries such as tourism and the marginal and migrant laborers who work in them have usually been at the sharp end of these testing events, from natural and environmental disasters, epidemics and pandemics, global financial slumps, terrorism, and political conflict. The latest challenge is the “Novel Coronavirus” (Covid-19/SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. It has already had serious consequences for Southeast Asia and its tourism development and these will continue for the foreseeable future. Since the SARS epidemic of 2002-2004, Southeast Asian economies have become integrated increasingly into those of East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong). This paper examines one of the most significant current crises, Covid-19, and its consequences for Southeast Asia, its tourism industry, and its workers, comparing experiences across the region, and the issues raised by the over-dependence of some countries on East Asia. In research on crises, the main focus has been on dramatic, unpredictable natural disasters, and human-generated global economic downturns. Not so much attention has been devoted to disease and contagion, which has both natural and socio-cultural dimensions in origins and effects, and which, in the case of Covid-19, evoke a pre-crisis period of normality, a liminal transition or “meantime” and a post-crisis “new normality.” The transition is not straightforward; in many countries, it operates as a set of serial lockdowns and restrictions, and to predict an uncertain future remains difficult.
Abstract
During the past two decades, the Southeast Asian region has experienced a range of major crises. Service industries such as tourism and the marginal and migrant laborers who work in them have usually been at the sharp end of these testing events, from natural and environmental disasters, epidemics and pandemics, global financial slumps, terrorism, and political conflict. The latest challenge is the “Novel Coronavirus” (Covid-19/SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. It has already had serious consequences for Southeast Asia and its tourism development and these will continue for the foreseeable future. Since the SARS epidemic of 2002-2004, Southeast Asian economies have become integrated increasingly into those of East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong). This paper examines one of the most significant current crises, Covid-19, and its consequences for Southeast Asia, its tourism industry, and its workers, comparing experiences across the region, and the issues raised by the over-dependence of some countries on East Asia. In research on crises, the main focus has been on dramatic, unpredictable natural disasters, and human-generated global economic downturns. Not so much attention has been devoted to disease and contagion, which has both natural and socio-cultural dimensions in origins and effects, and which, in the case of Covid-19, evoke a pre-crisis period of normality, a liminal transition or “meantime” and a post-crisis “new normality.” The transition is not straightforward; in many countries, it operates as a set of serial lockdowns and restrictions, and to predict an uncertain future remains difficult.
참고문헌 (83)
- "Impact of Covid-19 on Refugees in South and Southeast Asia" (2020)[URL]
- Adams, Kathleen M, "Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia" (2006), University of Hawai’i Press
- Adams, Kathleen M, "Tourism in Southeast Asia:Challenges and New Directions", pp.69~82 (2009), NIAS Press
- "Revisiting the Pandemic: Surveys on the Impact of Covid-19 on Small Businesses and Workers" (2021)[URL]
- "Enduring the Pandemic: Rapid Survey on the Impact of Covid-19 on MSMEs in the Tourism Sector and Households in Cambodia" (2021)[URL]
- Bilian, C. M. R, "Experiencing Cultural Heritage and Indigenous Tourism in Banaue", Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 32(1-2), pp.100~128 (2007)
- Breda, Zélia, "Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice", pp.187~208 (2006), Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
- Tourism Supply Chains and Natural Disasters: The Vulnerability Challenge and Business Continuity Models for ASEAN Countries, "Breiling, Meinhard", ERIA, ~ (2016)
- "English - crisis" (2020)[URL]
- Rapid Gender Analysis during Covid-19 Pandemic, Mekong Sub-Regional Report, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, "CARE", Global Programs and Partnerships with Christina Haneef, ~ (2020)
- Causey, Andrew, "Bargaining in Sumatra: Western Travelers and Toba Bataks in the Marketing of Souvenirs" (2003), University of Hawai’i Press
- Cohen, Erik, "Tourism Crises: A Comparative Perspective", International Journal of Tourism Policy, 3(4), pp.281~296 (2010)
- Cohen, Erik, "Globalization, Global Crises and Tourism", Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), pp.103~111 (2012)
- Cohen, Erik, "Coinciding Crises and Tourism in Contemporary Thailand", Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), pp.455~475 (2010)
- "Word of the Year 2020" (2020)[URL]
- Tourism and Longhouse Communities, "Dias, Todd", Institute of East Asian Studies, ~ (2008)
- Dulnuan, Eulalie D, "The Ifugao Rice Terraces Tourism: Status, Problems, and Concerns", IAMURE: International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 10(1) (2014)[DOI]
- "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control" (2021)[URL]
- Faulkner, Bill, "Towards a Framework of Tourism Disaster Management", Tourism Management, 22(2), pp.135~147 (2001)
- Foucault, Michel, "The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences" (2002), Routledge
- Henderson, Joan C, "Responding to Crisis: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Hotels in Singapore", International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(6), pp.411~419 (2004)
- Henderson, Joan C, "Managing Tourism Crises" (2007), Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
- Honigsbaum, Mark, "The Pandemic Century: Panic, Hysteria and Hubris" (2019), C. Hurst and Co. (Publishers) Ltd
- Honigsbaum, Mark, "The Pandemic Century: A History of Global Contagion from the Spanish Flu to Covid-19" (2020), Penguin
- Covid-19: Impact on Migrant Workers and Country Response in Thailand, "International Labour Organization", ILO Country Office for Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR, ~ (2020)
- "Coronavirus Resource Center Tracking, Global Map" (2021)[URL]
- "Southeast Asia’s Pandemic Politics and Human Rights: Trends and Lessons" (2020)[URL]
- Covid-19 and Tourism in Southeast Asia, "Kim Jennifer", Institute of Asian Studies-Universiti Brunei Darussalam, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 57 (2020)
- Kim Jennifer, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Tourism in Southeast Asia: Case Material from Malaysia", Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 2, pp.87~102 (2020)
- King, Victor T, "Tourism in Borneo: Issues and Perspectives", Proceedings of the Borneo Research Council, (4) (1994)
- King, Victor T, "Tourism and Erik Cohen in Thailand: Comparisons, Impacts, Mobilities and Encounters", International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 14(2), pp.1~38 (2018)
- King, Victor T, "The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Marginalised:Tourism as a Southeast Asian Case", International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 17(2) (2021)
- Kurlantzick, Joshua, "The Pandemic and Southeast Asia’s Democratic Struggles", Current History, 119(118), pp.228~233 (2020)
- "The Coronavirus crisis is laying bare Southeast Asia’s inequality problem" (2020)[URL]
- Mansfeld, Yoel, "Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice" (2006), Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
- "Words at Play, Coronavirus Words Guide" (2020)[URL]
- Neef, Andreas, "The Tourism-Disaster-Conflict Nexus" (2019), Emerald Publishing Limited
- "Coronavirus Impact Dashboard" (2020)[URL]
- Pizam, Abraham, "Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice", pp.1~28 (2006), Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
- Rigg, Jonathan, "Climate Change and the Meantime, Borneo in Asian Context, Universiti Brunei Darussalam: Keynote address", Borneo Studies Network Conference “Borneo Within, Borneo Beyond” (2021)
- Rindrasih, E., "Tourism and Disaster: Impact of Disaster Events on Tourism Development in Indonesia 1998-2016 and Structural Approach Policy Responses", Journal of Service Science and Management, 12(2), pp.3~115 (2019)
- Ritchie, Brent W, "Chaos, Crises and Disasters: A Strategic Approach to Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry", Tourism Management, 25(6), pp.669~683 (2004)
- Ritchie, Brent W, "Tourism Disaster Planning and Management:From Response and Recovery to Reduction and Readiness", Current Issues in Tourism, 11(4), pp.315~348 (2008)
- Ritchie, Brent W., "Tourism Crisis and Disaster Management in the Asia-Pacific" (2015), CABI International
- ASEAN Tourism Strategic Plan 2016-2025, "The ASEAN Secretariat", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2015)
- The ASEAN Secretariat, "ASEAN Tourism Crisis Communications Manual", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2015)
- ASEAN Tourism Marketing Strategy 2017-2020, "The ASEAN Secretariat", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2017)
- One Vision, One Identity, One Community, "The ASEAN Secretariat", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2020)
- ASEAN Key Figures 2019, "The ASEAN Secretariat", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2019)
- ASEAN Statistical Yearbook 2019, "The ASEAN Secretariat", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2019)
- Joint Statement of the 24th Meeting of ASEAN Tourism Ministers, "The ASEAN Secretariat", The ASEAN Secretariat, ~ (2021)
- Tourism Industry 2019: Towards Brunei Wawasan 2035, "Tourism Development Department", Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, ~ (2019)
- Trupp, Alexander, "Host Perspectives on Ethnic Minority Tourism in Thailand", Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 6(1), pp.58~80 (2014)
- Trupp, Alexander, "The Development of Ethnic Minority Souvenir Business over Time and Space", International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 11(1), pp.145~167 (2015)
- Trupp, Alexander, "Agency, Social Capital and Mixed Embeddedness among Akha Ethnic Minority Street Vendors in Thailand Tourist Areas Sojourn", Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 30(3), pp.780~818 (2015)
- Trupp, Alexander, "Migration, Micro-business and Tourism in Thailand:Highlanders in the City" (2016), Routledge
- Turner, Victor, "The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure" (1969), Aldine Publishing
- Summary of the Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2019, "UN ESCAP", UN Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific, ~ (2019)
- "The Future of Tourism and Culture of Peace in ASEAN+" (2021)[URL]
- "Coronavirus is paving the way for a return to military rule in Asia" (2020)[URL]
- Van Gennep, Arnold, "The Rites of Passage" (1960), Routledge and Kegan Paul
- "ASEAN’s Covid-19 Response: Why Minorities and the Most Vulnerable Matter" (2020)[URL]
- "Crisis – Definition" (2020)[URL]
- "WHO Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Dashboard" (2021)[URL]
- Wilks, Jeff, "Tourism Risk Management for the Asia Pacific Region: An Authoritative Guide for Managing Crises and Disasters" (2004), APEC International Centre for Sustainable Tourism
- "Coronavirus Update" (2021)[URL]
- "Worldometer" (2021)[URL]
- "Coronavirus Update" (2021)[URL]
- "Coronavirus Update" (2021)[URL]
- "World Travel and Tourism Council" (2020)[URL]
- "News Article" (2020)[URL]
- "Global Economic Impact and Trends 2021" (2021)[URL]