Formulation of Curcumin Nanoemulsions via Chitosan Coating and Gamma Irradiation
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Curcumin, a bioactive compound with extensive therapeutic potential, suffers from poor watersolubility and low bioavailability, limiting its application in functional food and pharmaceutical formulations. In thisstudy, a novel curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion (NE) system coated with low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) wasdeveloped and stabilized via gamma irradiation. The nanoemulsions were prepared using medium-chain triglyceride(MCT) oil, lecithin, and tween 80, and then surface-modified with chitosan to enhance structural stability. Gammairradiation (0-10 kGy) was applied to investigate its effect on droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and colorvalues. Among the formulations tested, LCNEs prepared with 0.3-0.5% LMWC and irradiated at 5-10 kGy exhibitedthe smallest particle sizes (<300 nm) and narrow size distribution (PDI<0.3), suggesting enhanced emulsificationand interfacial compaction. Gamma irradiation resulted in increased lightness (L*) and redness (a*), but decreasedyellowness (b*), especially in samples containing higher LMWC concentrations. Storage stability tests revealed thatgamma-irradiated LCNEs maintained droplet integrity over 15 days, while pH stability evaluation demonstratedimproved resistance to aggregation at neutral pH. Conversely, samples stored under acidic conditions (pH 3.0 and 5.0)showed increased droplet size and PDI over time, indicating instability due to reduced electrostatic repulsion. Thesefindings highlight the synergistic effect of chitosan coating and gamma irradiation in producing stable, small-sizednanoemulsions suitable for delivering hydrophobic nutraceuticals like curcumin in food and pharmaceutical systems.
Abstract
Curcumin, a bioactive compound with extensive therapeutic potential, suffers from poor watersolubility and low bioavailability, limiting its application in functional food and pharmaceutical formulations. In thisstudy, a novel curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion (NE) system coated with low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) wasdeveloped and stabilized via gamma irradiation. The nanoemulsions were prepared using medium-chain triglyceride(MCT) oil, lecithin, and tween 80, and then surface-modified with chitosan to enhance structural stability. Gammairradiation (0-10 kGy) was applied to investigate its effect on droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and colorvalues. Among the formulations tested, LCNEs prepared with 0.3-0.5% LMWC and irradiated at 5-10 kGy exhibitedthe smallest particle sizes (<300 nm) and narrow size distribution (PDI<0.3), suggesting enhanced emulsificationand interfacial compaction. Gamma irradiation resulted in increased lightness (L*) and redness (a*), but decreasedyellowness (b*), especially in samples containing higher LMWC concentrations. Storage stability tests revealed thatgamma-irradiated LCNEs maintained droplet integrity over 15 days, while pH stability evaluation demonstratedimproved resistance to aggregation at neutral pH. Conversely, samples stored under acidic conditions (pH 3.0 and 5.0)showed increased droplet size and PDI over time, indicating instability due to reduced electrostatic repulsion. Thesefindings highlight the synergistic effect of chitosan coating and gamma irradiation in producing stable, small-sizednanoemulsions suitable for delivering hydrophobic nutraceuticals like curcumin in food and pharmaceutical systems.