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미연방기관들의 AI 행정명령(E.O. 14110) 이행 현황과 시사점

U.S. Federal Implementation of Executive Order 14110: Progress and Implications

양수빈|박상철|신원준|이대준
사법발전재단|2024.12|사법 (JURIS)|제1권 제70호|pp. 145-196|DOI 10.22825/juris.2024.1.70.004

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AI인공지능거버넌스GovernanceSafety안전성Security행정명령Executive Order기반모델Foundation Model

초록

미 바이든 행정부의 2023. 10. 30. 자 “인공지능의 안전·안보·신뢰성 있는 개발·이용에 관한 행정명령”(E.O. 14110)은 안전·안보, 혁신·경쟁, 노동, 시민권, 소비자보호, 프라이버시, 공공부문, 국제협력의 분야별로 각 연방기관에 세부 과업을 부여하였고, 한 해가 지난 현시점에 대부분 이행되었다. 이에 연방기관들의 이행 현황을 개관하고 의의를 다음과 같이 정리한다. 첫째, 미국은 전시동원에 준하는 연방 역량의 결집을 통해 전략적·산업적 우위를 도모하며, AI의 공급망 문제와 관련하여 수출통제에 준하는 안보적 접근을 명확히 하고 있다. 둘째, EU식 수평·포괄규제를 지양하고 각 연방기관에 관할별 세부 목표를 부여하는 부문·맥락특유적 규제를 추진하면서도, 예산편성과 연계된 강력한 국무조정과 경성규범과 연성규범 간 유연한 역할 분담을 통해 정연성을 기한다. 셋째, 연방정부의 AI 활용에 대해서는 기관 간 활용 경쟁을 촉발하고 적정한 규제를 통해 인력과 조달 수요를 열고자 한다. 이로부터 몇 가지 시사점을 도출할 수 있다. 첫째, AI에 있어서는 경제와 안보가 분리될 수 없으며 국제정세에 촉각을 세우고 보조를 맞추며 국익을 도모해야 한다. 둘째, 분야별 과잉·중복규제를 초래할 EU식 수평·포괄 AI 규제보다는 ① 이를 대신할 유연한 연성규범, ② 각 부처의 개별 용례에 대한 핀셋형·맞춤형 규제, ③ 예산편성과 연계된 강력한 국무조정의 조합을 통한 치밀하고 협력적인 거버넌스를 추구해야 한다. 셋째, 국내 개발사들이 빅테크의 공세 앞에 숨 쉴 틈을 확보하고 공공부문의 AI 전환을 앞당기기 위해 AI 공공조달 수요를 진작하는 제도 기반을 확충해야 한다.

Abstract

The Biden administration’s “Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence” assigned detailed tasks to federal agencies across various sectors, including safety and security, innovation and competition, worker protection, civil rights, consumer protection, privacy, federal use, and international cooperation. Now, a year later, most of these tasks have been implemented, with the following key takeaway. First, the U.S. is pursuing strategic and industrial superiority through the mobilization of federal capabilities comparable to wartime efforts, as well as clarifying its national security-focused approach towards AI supply chain. Second, while avoiding the EU-style horizontal regulatory framework, the U.S. is pursuing sector- and context-specific regulations by assigning detailed goals to each federal agency according to their jurisdictions. At once, the U.S. is ensuring coherency through strong coordination linking regulations to budget planning and a flexible division of roles between hard regulations and soft standards. Third, with respect to the federal use of AI, it seeks to encourage competition among agencies in AI adoption and open up demands for workforce and procurement through appropriate regulation. Korea can draw several lessons from these developments. First, in the realm of AI, economics and security cannot be separated, and national interests must be pursued in tandem with global developments including the U.S. national security policy. Second, instead of adopting the EU-style horizontal and comprehensive regulations, Korea should seek a rigorous regulatory framework that combines: (i) flexible soft standards, (ii) targeted, tailored regulations for specific use cases governed by each agency, and (iii) coherent coordination linked to budget planning. Third, to secure breathing room for domestic developers and to accelerate the public sector’s AI transition, Korean should establish institutional foundations for boosting AI public procurement demand.

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