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엘리자베스 개스켈과 유니테리언 :박애주의와 여성교육을 중심으로

Elizabeth Gaskell and Unitarianism -Focussed on philanthropy and women’s education

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In the nineteenth century, Unitarians were progressive thinkers and interested in their liberal contribution to English social and political life although they were certainly in the minority. Also the Unitarians were pioneers of philanthropy and social progress to improve the status of women among other nonconformists. This study focuses on relating Gaskell’s novels with her religion as an unitarian. As Gaskell was a good example of a well-educated Unitarian writer and a wife of an Unitarian minister, she represented their humanism, philanthropy and women’s education in her novels. Especially the emphasis of these Unitarianism is laid on making the distinction between Unitarians and other nonconformists. Therefore, the topic of this essay has been analyzed in terms of Unitarian elements in Gaskell’s novels in context of a well-deserved reputation as the philanthropic and educational pioneers of Unitarians.

Abstract

In the nineteenth century, Unitarians were progressive thinkers and interested in their liberal contribution to English social and political life although they were certainly in the minority. Also the Unitarians were pioneers of philanthropy and social progress to improve the status of women among other nonconformists. This study focuses on relating Gaskell’s novels with her religion as an unitarian. As Gaskell was a good example of a well-educated Unitarian writer and a wife of an Unitarian minister, she represented their humanism, philanthropy and women’s education in her novels. Especially the emphasis of these Unitarianism is laid on making the distinction between Unitarians and other nonconformists. Therefore, the topic of this essay has been analyzed in terms of Unitarian elements in Gaskell’s novels in context of a well-deserved reputation as the philanthropic and educational pioneers of Unitarians.

참고문헌 (20)

  1. 강옥선, "여성작가의 글쓰기와 사회의식—여성교육과 유니테리언 네트워크", 영어영문학21, 23(1), pp.5~23 (2010), 21세기영어영문학회
  2. Armstrong, George, "The simplicity of Godliness" (1839), British and Foreign Unitarian Association
  3. Boggs, W. Arthur, "Without Dogma, Without Creed", Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 13(4), pp.141~154 (1996)
  4. Ditchfield, G.M, "Unitarianism and Philanthropy 1760-1810", Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 21(1), pp.254~268 (1995)
  5. Foster, Shirley, "Elizabeth Gaskell: A Literary Life" (2002), Macmillan
  6. Gaskell, Elizabeth, "Mary Barton" (1958), W.W.Norton & Company, Inc
  7. Gaskell, Elizabeth, "Ruth" (2004), Penguin Books
  8. Gaskell, Elizabeth, "North and South" (2005), W.W. Norton & Company, Inc
  9. Gaskell, Elizabeth, "Sylvia’s Lovers" (1996), Penguin Books
  10. Gleandle, Kathryn, "The Early Feminists; Radical Unitarians and the Emergence of the Women’s Rights Movement", pp.1831~1851 (1995), Macmillan
  11. Hutchison, William R, "The Transcendentalist Ministers" (1959), Beacon Press
  12. Martineau, Harriet, "The essential Faith of the Universal Church" (1831), British and Foreign Unitarian Association
  13. Matus, Jill L, "The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell" (2007), Cambridge University Press
  14. Roberts, H. p.. M.A, "Early Unitarian Schoolmasters and Schools in Wales", Transactions of the Unitarian Society, 5(2), pp.157~164 (1931)
  15. Seed, John, "Unitarian Ministers as Schoolmasters", Transactions of Unitarian Historical Society, 17(4), pp.170~176 (1982)
  16. Tae Lyoo, Hwang, "The Unitarians in the Nineteenth Century America: The Globalization in American Intellectuality", 미국학 논집, 27(2), pp.72~91 (1995)
  17. Wach, Howard M, "Unitarian Philanthropy and Cultural Hegemony in Comparative Perspective: Manchester and Boston, 1827-1848", Journal of Social History, 26(3), pp.539~557 (1993)
  18. Watts, Ruth, "Unlimited Knowledge for All: Unitarians and education 1800-1860", Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 22(1), pp.18~36 (1800)
  19. Whitehill, Jane, "Letters of Mrs. Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton", pp.1855~1865 (1932), Oxford University Press
  20. Wykes, David L, "Dissenting Academy or Unitarian Seminary? Manchester College at York(1803-1840)", Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 19(2), pp.102~112 (1988)

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