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마음챙김, 단일개념인가, 복합개념인가?

Mindfulness, is it a single or complex concept?

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초록

마음챙김이 서구에 도입된 지 100여년이 지난 현재 연구자들은 효과검증을 넘어서 작용기전과 과학적 모델수립을 위한 연구에 노력을 기울이고 있다. 연구자들은 다양한 이론적 배경, 연구목적에 따라서 마음챙김을 여러 가지 방식으로 접근하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 마음챙김의 정의, 발생과정, 작용기전, 척도를 살피고 불교의 수행적 맥락에서 보는 마음챙김과 심리학의 마음챙김이 어떻게 조우하고 있는가를 살펴보는 일은 의미가 있을 것이다. 심리학에서 마음챙김은 알아차림과 특정 태도가 핵심을 이룬다. 태도는 현재중심적, 의도적, 비판단적, 수용적, 개방적인 태도를 말한다. 불교의 마음챙김 확립과 발생의 차원에서 볼 때, 마음챙김은 분명한 알아차림, 태도, 감각기능의 단속이라는 측면을 가진다. 태도와 관련해서는 중도적인 태도, 감각기관의 단속, 지혜라는 측면은 심리학에는 찾아볼 수 없는 불교적 요소가 될 것이다. 이렇듯 마음챙김은 단일개념이라기 보다는 복합적인 개념이라 할 수 있다. 마음챙김의 작용기전과 관련된 IAA 모델과 DAH 모델뿐만 아니라 마음챙김 척도의 하위구성개념에서도 마음챙김은 복합개념으로 이해되고 있다. 마음챙김 척도는 마음챙김이 특질일 수도 있고 상태일 수도 있음을 보여준다. 심리학에서 사용되는 10가지 대표적인 마음챙김 척도에는 특질과 상태가 혼재되어 있다. 최근에는 불교수행의 맥락을 고려하여 마음챙김을 특질이 아니라 특정한 ‘상태’로 보려는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 여기에서는 경험내용보다는 경험에 대한 태도를 강조하고, 마음챙김 수행은 과정이라는 것을 강조한다. 그러므로 불교의 수행적 맥락을 고려하여 마음챙김을 올바로 파악할 필요가 있다. 마음챙김이 불교에 그 기원을 두고 있음을 고려할 때 수행적 맥락과 발생적 맥락을 살펴볼 필요가 있으며 이 지점에서 불교와 심리학의 조우가 가능하다고 하겠다.

Abstract

Almost a hundred years have passed since the introduction of mindfulness in the western society. Researchers have scientifically proved its beneficial effects for mind and body, and they are now trying to set up its proper theoretical model. Their approaches are different depending upon their theoretical backgrounds and research goals. This study aims to search meaning of mindfulness, occurrence, mechanism, and the mindfulness scales and to show how Buddhism has come across western psychology in the fruitful way. Definition of mindfulness in psychology presupposes two components of mindfulness: awareness and special attitude. The attitude should be open, acceptive, present-centered, intentional, non-judgmental. Considering the occurrence and the establishment of mindfulness in early Buddhism, it clearly involves clear awareness, attitude, control of sensation and wisdom. The monitoring of sense organs, the middle-way attitude, and wisdom are found only in Buddhism, not in psychology. Accordingly mindfulness can be seen as a complex concept rather than a single concept. As mechanism of mindfulness, IAA model and DAH model was proposed to explain how mindfulness affects positive changes. And various mindfulness scales have been developed as the methods for assessing it to answer questions. Two models and those scales also tend to show that the construct of mindfulness is multi-dimensional. In recent years, mindfulness researchers and clinicians begin to perform their researches on it as a mental behavior, which is statelike variable consistent with traditional Buddhist practices. Here it is emphasized that the attitudes toward our experiences are more important than the experiences themselves, and the mindfulness is just a process-oriented practices. When we take account of the fact that the original mindfulness comes from Early Buddhism, we have to examine why mindfulness was so important in Buddhist practices and how psychology comes to terms with Buddhism.

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