불교의 방편 개념의 이해와 기독교적 적용
The Application of the Buddhist Concep ‘Upaya’ in Christianity
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불교와 같은 이웃 종교에 대한 기독교의 바람직한 태도 가운데 하나는 이웃 종교 속에 나타나 있는 개념들을 기독교 진리를 한층 더 쉽고 깊고 넓게 이해하는 도구로 수용하는 것이다. 소위 동양종교에 있어서 독보적인 위치를 점하고 있는 불교 사상은 비교적 서양종교로 일컬어지는 기독교의 진리를 이해하고 해석하는 데 매우 귀중한 개념들을가지고 있다.1) 예를 들어 무아(無我), 연기(緣起), 공(空), 그리고 방편(方便) 등인데, 이 중에서 방편은 어떤 특정한 교리의 범주를 넘어서 기독교 전체의 진리를 이해하는 데 있어서 결정적인 기여를 할 수 있는 개념으로 보인다. 그래서 나는 이 연구를 통하여 불교에서 사용되는 방편개념을 파악하고, 그 개념이 기독교와 기독교의 복음의 진리를 이해하는데 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지를 보여주려고 한다.
Abstract
The Buddhist concept of upaya (skilful means) seems very useful in understanding the Christian truth. Upaya generally teaches that, in order to attain a higher realization of truth, a person must temporarily hold then throw away lower level truths. There are many levels in the category of upaya, but the highest is the thought to be in the Lotus S u t r a, which declares that upaya is actually the only way to reach ultimate truth in Mahayana Buddhism. In Buddhism, the experience of ultimate truth is impossible to express through human language. If one were to try and express it,one could use u p a y a. However, the language of upaya is bound to differ from the ultimate truth. Therefore, the meaning of u p a y a should not be taken literally. If taken literally, it could seem like a kind of trick or fabrication. Between the teachings of the upaya and its purpose, ultimate truth, there is a deep gap that cannot be bridged with logic. Faith is needed to cross the gap and to attain the ultimate truth that is the intention of the upaya. What the concept of u p a y a contributes to Christianity is as follows: First, it shows that Christian doctrines or theologies cannot be absolute and that they can change depending on circumstances. Certain theologies or doctrines can be considered as types of upaya. Second, the concept of u p a y a makes Christian theology plainly acknowledge the limitations of doctrines or theological ideas. It teaches that ultimate truth cannot be expressed through human language, so any thought formed by human language cannot be ultimate truth. Third, when we apply the concept of upaya to the interpretation of the Bible and Christian theology, it can help us to be liberated from literalism because it says that ultimate truth cannot be expressed in words. Fourth, because the concept of u p a y a a l s o affirms the necessity and importance of faith, it helps us understand B u d-dhism and Christianity as religions that have some closeness and commonality. The concept of u p a y a in Buddhism is a hint that Buddhism and Christianity are not so distant from each other though they seem very different in outward appearances. The concept of u p a y a could be a kind of meeting point for a constructive dialogue between Christianity and Buddhism.
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