이란의 군부엘리트와 부족주의의 관계 연구
A Study on the Relationship between Military Elite and Tribalism in Iran
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article aims to analyze the relationship between military elite and tribalism in Iran. Tribes adapted and transformed their roles and function based on their surrounding environment. When weak local/state governments existed the tribes exerted their power and influence to provide required social, economic, and security services to their members. The social order in Iran was marked well into the twentieth century by a tension the central government and powerful chiefs of momadic tribes. At the same time, the rulers themselves were either of tribal origins or dependent on tribal support were the first for nearly a millennium to be neither. Under the Pahlavi shahs the major tribal chiefs were systematically stripped of their economic and political influence, but tribal loyalties and forms of social organization survived in many parts of the country. The tribes did not actively support the 1979 Revolution and opposition tribes were targeted and suppressed by the Ayatollah Khomeini regime. The rise of the Islamic regime unified the majority of Iran overriding tribal and ethnic boundaries to prevent tribal leaders from reestablishing their prominence. The strongest tribal loyalties remain predominantly within Iranian ethnic minority groups. However these groups lack the unity or political strength to be a significant influence. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), is a branch of Iran's military, founded after the Iranian revolution. The IRGC was initially created by Ayatollah Khomeini during the 1978–1979 Islamic Revolution as an ideological guard for the nascent regime. Since then,it has evolved into an expansive socio-political-economic conglomerate whose influence extends into virtually Iranian political life and society. In the political sphere, many high-ranking officialolvee former Pasdar intAnd on the economic front, the IRGC controls a wide variety of commercial enterprises. As a force loyal to the Supreme Leader the Guards were intended not only to fight foreign enemies, but also to safeguard the Islamic Republic's internal stability.
Abstract
This article aims to analyze the relationship between military elite and tribalism in Iran. Tribes adapted and transformed their roles and function based on their surrounding environment. When weak local/state governments existed the tribes exerted their power and influence to provide required social, economic, and security services to their members. The social order in Iran was marked well into the twentieth century by a tension the central government and powerful chiefs of momadic tribes. At the same time, the rulers themselves were either of tribal origins or dependent on tribal support were the first for nearly a millennium to be neither. Under the Pahlavi shahs the major tribal chiefs were systematically stripped of their economic and political influence, but tribal loyalties and forms of social organization survived in many parts of the country. The tribes did not actively support the 1979 Revolution and opposition tribes were targeted and suppressed by the Ayatollah Khomeini regime. The rise of the Islamic regime unified the majority of Iran overriding tribal and ethnic boundaries to prevent tribal leaders from reestablishing their prominence. The strongest tribal loyalties remain predominantly within Iranian ethnic minority groups. However these groups lack the unity or political strength to be a significant influence. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), is a branch of Iran's military, founded after the Iranian revolution. The IRGC was initially created by Ayatollah Khomeini during the 1978–1979 Islamic Revolution as an ideological guard for the nascent regime. Since then,it has evolved into an expansive socio-political-economic conglomerate whose influence extends into virtually Iranian political life and society. In the political sphere, many high-ranking officialolvee former Pasdar intAnd on the economic front, the IRGC controls a wide variety of commercial enterprises. As a force loyal to the Supreme Leader the Guards were intended not only to fight foreign enemies, but also to safeguard the Islamic Republic's internal stability.
참고문헌 (23)
- Abrahamian, Ervand, "Iran between Two Revolutions" (1982), Princeton University
- Akhavi, Shahrough, "Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran" (1980), State University of New York
- Algar, Hamid, "The Islamic Revolution in Iran" (1980), Open Press
- Algar, Hamid, "Religion and State in Iran" (1969), Berkely
- Arjomand, Said Amir, "The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi'ite Iran from the beginning to 1890" (1984), University of Chicago Press
- Arjomand, Said A., "From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam" (1984), State Univ. of New York Press
- Bakhash, Shaul, "The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution" (1984), Basic Books
- Banuazizi, Ali, "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghnistan, Iran, and Pakistan" (1986), Syracuse, N.Y.
- Bashiriyeh, Hossein, "The State and Revolution in Iran" (1984), St. Martin's Press
- Beck, Lois, "The Qashqai of Iran" (1986), New Haven
- Chehabi, Houshang, "Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini" (1990), Cornell Univ. Press
- Davari, Reza, "Din va Tajaddud", Naqd va Nazar, 5, pp.58~70 (1999)
- Davari, Reza, "Guft manha-ye Rawshanfikri: Gharbzadeghi, Rawshanfikri-ye Dini" (1986), Siyasat-nameh
- Enayat, Hamid, "Modern Islamic Political Thought" (1982), Univ. of Texas Press
- Frye, Richard N., "The Heritage of Persia" (1962), Wiedenfeld and Nicolson
- Halliday, Fred, "Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East" (2003), Palgrave MacMillan
- Howard, Roger, "Iran in Crisis: Nuclear Ambitions and the American Response" (2004), Zed Books
- Moslem, Mehdi, "Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran" (2002), Syracuse University
- Munson, Henry, "Islam and Revolution in the Middle East" (1988), Yale University
- Perry, John, "Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran", pp.1747~1779 (1979)
- Pollack, Kenneth M., "The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America" (2004), The Random House
- Shabestari, Mohammad, "Imam va Azadi" (1997), Tarh-e Naw
- Shobani, Reza, "The Basics of Iranian Social History" (1970), Nashre Qomes