다산과 수운의 상제 및 수양법 비교연구

Abstract

This paper compares the views of the ‘Sangje(上帝) and the method of cultivation of Dasan and Suun. Dasan found the reason for the corruption of the scholars, who were the ruling power at the time, in ideology. The ideology that dominated Joseon at the time was Confucianism. Confucianism said that all things in the world were composed of ‘Li (理)’ and ‘Gi (氣)’. Among them, what the Confucian scholars valued was ‘Li (理)’. The ‘Li (理)’ of Confucianism was the principle that constituted all things, but it did not have a strong power to govern the world. Therefore, Dasan said that the ‘Li (理)’ of Confucianism could not govern the corrupt world and people at the time. It was a time when a new ideology was needed, and Dasan found it in the ‘Sangje (上帝)’ of Western learning. The Sangje of Western learning was an entity that punished and frightened the scholars of the time when they did wrong, so it was an appropriate ideology for governing the world. In order for the Sangje to punish people, people had to recognize their own wrongdoings, which was the mind of a person. Dasan created a method of cultivation that allowed people to recognize their own wrongdoings through the ‘Dosim (道心)’ they had. That was ‘Seo (恕)’. The meaning is ‘If you don’t want to do something, others won’t want to do it either, so you shouldn’t ask others to do it.’ Su-un was born later than Dasan, so Joseon was a more corrupt world than Dasan’s time. After traveling around the country for 10 years from the age of 20, Su-un concluded that Joseon could not be governed by the ideology of the time, and in order to gain new teachings, he underwent 49-day training twice, and finally had an experience of meeting Hanulnim (Sangje) in his hometown Yongdam, which led to the creation of a new ideology. It was ‘Sicheonju (侍天主)’, which means that everyone serves Hanulnim (Sangje) within themselves. It is the idea that all people are equal. Su-un created a 21-character spell to let the people of the time know that he was a great being who served Hanulnim, and taught it to those who came to learn from him. The Sangje that Su-un met, like Dasan’s Sangje, had absolute power and punished people when they did something wrong. However, the difference between Dasan and Sangje is that he was a humble Sangje who let Suun do his work for him because he had not accomplished anything himself. What Dasan and Suun had in common was that a new teaching was needed to rule over the corrupt world at the time, and the ‘Sangje’ emerged as the content. Sangje had strong power, so it was a teaching suitable for ruling over the corrupt world at the time. The difference is that Dasan studied rationally to meet Sangje, and Suun prayed. As a result, both of them achieved the goals they wanted to achieve through meeting Sangje.