고대에서 중세까지 토누스 연구
A Study on the Tonus from Antiquity to the Middle Age
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초록
본 연구는 고대부터 중세, 특별히 카롤링거 시대까지의 토누스에 관한 연구이다. 그 기원을 고대 그리스로 하는 토누스는 그 안에 내재되어 있는 다양한 의미로 인해 이 용어를 이해하고 해석하려는 학자들에게 어려움을 주고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 많은 세기 동안 다양한 측면의 연구가 지속되고 있는 것도 사실이다. 특별히 중세학자 아트킨슨은 그의 연구를 통해 용어 토누스에 대한 명확한 정의가 아닌 용어가 가지고 있는 풍부함을 전달하고자 했는데, 우리는 아트킨슨의 발췌문을 통해 토누스에 대한 깊이 있는 지식을 얻을 수 있었다. 아트킨슨의 논문에 제시된 토누스와 관련된 29개의 발췌문을 살펴보는 과정에서 얻은 결론을 하나의 다이어그램으로 제시했다. 이 다이어그램은 세 개의 영어 알파벳 F로 시작하는 명사, ‘Foundation’, ‘Fusion’, ‘Function’과 세 개의 A로 시작하는 동사, ‘Accept’, ‘Adopt’, ‘Adjust’를 포함한다. 다시 말해, 9-10세기에 중세학자들은 고대 그리스 이론서를 통해 토누스의 개념을 그들 이론의 중요한 토대(Foundation)로써 받아들였고(Accept), 토누스의 문법적인 의미와 음악적인 의미를 중세 주석에서 혼용(Fusion)하여 실제 음악 안으로 채용했으며(Adopt), 결국 중세 저서들에서 실제 음악의 기보법과 선율 분류의 기능(Function)으로까지 적용하였다(Adjust). 이렇듯 카롤링거 시대에 토누스 개념의 공존(coexistence)은 11세기 선법 체계의 완성으로 가는 중요한 요인이 되었다.
Abstract
This study is on the term tonus from Antiquity to the Middle Age, especially in the Carolingian era. The reason of difficulty as the usage of tonus appears through diverse fields included multiple meanings in Greek Antiquity, nevertheless, the attempts to understand the term tonus have been continued in varies aspects by many scholars during many centuries. Charles Atkinson also tells us that he set his sights on becoming not ‘clearer’ but ‘richer’ through endeavor to show more complicated situations about the term tonus. Atkinson’s article gives us not only a profound and advanced knowledge but also many ideas about the methods of interpretation, the new subject to do about tonus, and so on. After describing the concepts of the tonus in Antiquity, in order to explain the term tonus in the Carolingian era, we understood Atkinson’s 29 quotations explained the term tonus in fields of music and grammar and excerpted from treatises of Greek Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In the processes to understand Atkinson’s article through 29 examples systematically organized, I showed some diagrams carefully used three nouns, ‘Foundation’, ‘Fusion’, and ‘Function’ and three verbs, ‘Accept’, ‘Adopt’, and ‘Adjust’ in the diagrams. That is to say, the meaning of the term tonus is accepted as the foundation from the ancient sources, adopted into practice as the fusion of two concepts in ninth century glosses, and adjusted as the function of practical natation and melodic classification in ninth- and tenth century. The coexistence of these conceptions would eventually be a fully developed system of eight modes (modi).
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