Virtue and Virtuosity: Xunzi and Aristotle on the Role of Art in Ethical Cultivation
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Christian B. Miller has noted a “realism challenge” for virtue ethicists to provide an account of how the character gap between virtuous agents and non-virtuous agents can be bridged. This is precisely one of Han Feizi’s key criticisms against Confucian virtue ethics, as Eric L. Hutton argues, which also cuts across the Aristotelian one: appealing to virtuous agents as ethical models provides the wrong kind of guidance for the development of virtues. Hutton, however, without going into detail, notes that the notion of rituals in the Confucian tradition may be able to sidestep Han Feizi’s criticism. In this essay, I wish to explore not only how the notion of rituals, alongside its corollaries in Xunzi’s Confucian program for ethical cultivation, indeed addresses Han Feizi’s criticism, but also observe that Aristotle’s tragic poetry plays functionally equivalent roles in his own understanding of ethical upbringing. I will begin by considering Han Feizi’s critique of ethical cultivation in virtue ethics as such and how it poses a specific problem for the acquisition of the ‘constitutive reasoning’ shared by Aristotle and Xunzi. I will then briefly note that this problem trades on the synthetic structure of human nature found in both Aristotle and Xunzi (the rational/irrational parts of the soul and the heartmind/five faculties), which grounds the way they understand ethical action and agency. Finally, I will suggest how both Aristotle and Xunzi understand the role of the arts in their extensive programme of ethical cultivation, allowing them to respond to Han Feizi’s attack as too narrow a construal of their respective ethical projects. It is hoped that, through this, we may gain a better sense of how more recent virtue ethicists may similarly draw on aesthetic resources for ethical development.
Abstract
Christian B. Miller has noted a “realism challenge” for virtue ethicists to provide an account of how the character gap between virtuous agents and non-virtuous agents can be bridged. This is precisely one of Han Feizi’s key criticisms against Confucian virtue ethics, as Eric L. Hutton argues, which also cuts across the Aristotelian one: appealing to virtuous agents as ethical models provides the wrong kind of guidance for the development of virtues. Hutton, however, without going into detail, notes that the notion of rituals in the Confucian tradition may be able to sidestep Han Feizi’s criticism. In this essay, I wish to explore not only how the notion of rituals, alongside its corollaries in Xunzi’s Confucian program for ethical cultivation, indeed addresses Han Feizi’s criticism, but also observe that Aristotle’s tragic poetry plays functionally equivalent roles in his own understanding of ethical upbringing. I will begin by considering Han Feizi’s critique of ethical cultivation in virtue ethics as such and how it poses a specific problem for the acquisition of the ‘constitutive reasoning’ shared by Aristotle and Xunzi. I will then briefly note that this problem trades on the synthetic structure of human nature found in both Aristotle and Xunzi (the rational/irrational parts of the soul and the heartmind/five faculties), which grounds the way they understand ethical action and agency. Finally, I will suggest how both Aristotle and Xunzi understand the role of the arts in their extensive programme of ethical cultivation, allowing them to respond to Han Feizi’s attack as too narrow a construal of their respective ethical projects. It is hoped that, through this, we may gain a better sense of how more recent virtue ethicists may similarly draw on aesthetic resources for ethical development.
참고문헌 (68)
- Adorno, Theodor W., "Dialectic of Enlightenment", pp.120~167 (2016), Verso
- Angle, Stephen C., "Dao Companion to the Analects", pp.225~257 (2014), Springer
- Aristotle, "Aristotelis Politica" (1957), Clarendon Press
- Aristotle, "Aristotle’s Ars Poetica" (1966), Clarendon Press
- Aristotle, "Selections", pp.169~205 (1995), Hackett
- Aristotle, "Selections" (1995), Hackett
- Aristotle, "Politics" (1998), Hackett
- Aristotle, "Poetics" (2006), Focus
- Aristotle, "On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse" (2007), Oxford University Press
- Aristotle, "The Nicomachean Ethics" (2009), Oxford University Press
- Aristotle, "Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea" (2010), Cambridge University Press
- Athanassoulis, Nafsika, "The Oxford Handbook of Virtue", pp.415~431 (2018), Oxford University Press
- Brüllmann, Philipp, "Music Builds Character: Aristotle, Politics VIII 5, 1340a14-b5", Apeiron, 46(4), pp.345~373 (2013)
- Buckle, Stephen, "Aristotle’s Republic or, Why Aristotle’s Ethics Is Not Virtue Ethics", Philosophy, 77(4), pp.565~595 (2002)
- Chen, Qiyou, "Han Feizi Xinjiaozhu 韓非子新校注" (2000), Guji
- Cook, Scott, "Xun Zi on Rituals and Music", Monumenta Serica, 45(1), pp.1~38 (1997)
- Cua, Antonio S., "Virtue, Nature, and Moral Agency in the Xunzi", pp.39~68 (2000), Hackett
- D. Sta. Maria, Joseph Emmanuel, "Shu and Zhong as the Virtue of the Golden Rule: A Confucian Contribution to Contemporary Virtue Ethics", Asian Philosophy, 27(2), pp.100~111 (2017)
- Doris, John M., "Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behaviour" (2002), Cambridge University Press
- Guo, Qingfan, "Zhuangzi jishi 莊子集釋" (1978), 中华书局
- Harman, Gilbert, "Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology: Virtue Ethics and the Fundamental Attribution Error", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 99(3), pp.315~331 (1999)
- Hitz, Zena, "Aristotle on Law and Moral Education", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 42, pp.263~306 (2012)
- Hursthouse, Rosalind, "On Virtue Ethics" (1999), Oxford University Press
- Hutton, Eric L., "Moral Reasoning in Aristotle and Xunzi", Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 29(3), pp.355~384 (2002)
- Hutton, Eric L., "Han Feizi’s Criticism of Confucianism and its Implication for Virtue Ethics", Journal of Moral Philosophy, 5(3), pp.423~453 (2008)
- Hutton, Eric L., "Xunzi: The Complete Text" (2014), Princeton University Press
- Hutton, Eric L., "Introduction to Xunzi: The Complete Text, xi-xxx" (2014), Princeton University Press
- Hutton, Eric L., "Routledge Companion to Virtue Ethics", pp.113~125 (2015), Routledge
- Hutton, Eric L., "On the ‘Virtue Turn’ and the Problem of Categorizing Chinese Thought", Dao, 14(3), pp.331~353 (2015)
- Hutton, Eric L., "Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Xunzi", pp.67~93 (2016), Springer
- Ivanhoe, Philip J., "Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy" (2005), Hackett
- Jiao, Xun, "Mengzi zhengyi 孟子正義" (1965), 臺灣中華書局
- Johnson, Dan R., "Transportation into a Story Increases Empathy, Prosocial Behavior, and Perceptual Bias toward Fearful Expressions", Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), pp.150~155 (2012)
- Johnson, Dan R., "Changing Race Boundary Perception by Reading Narrative Fiction", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36(1), pp.83~90 (2014)
- Kaspar, Kai, "Hand Washing Induces a Clean Slate Effect in Moral Judgments: A Pupillometry and Eye-Tracking Study", Scientific Reports, 5, pp.10471~ (2015)[DOI]
- Kidd, David Comer, "Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind", Science, 342(6156), pp.377~380 (2013)
- Lau, D. C., "Mencius" (1970), Penguin Books
- Lau, D. C., "The Analects" (1979), Penguin Books
- Lee, Ming-Huei, "Virtue Ethics and Confucianism", pp.47~55 (2013), Routledge
- Lewis, Colin J., "Ritual Education and Moral Development", Dao, 17(1), pp.81~98 (2018)
- Li, Disheng, "Xunzi jishi 荀子集釋" (1979), 學生書局
- Liu, Baonan, "Lunyu jishi 論語集釋" (1990), 中华书局
- Mesz, Bruno, "The Music of Morality and Logic", Frontiers in Psychology, 6, pp.908~ (2015)[DOI]
- Mower, Deborah S., "Situationism and Confucian Virtue Ethics", Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 16(1), pp.113~137 (2013)
- Miller, Christian B., "The Philosophy and Psychology of Virtue: An Empirical Approach to Character and Happiness", pp.15~34 (2014), Routledge
- Miller, Christian B., "The Character Gap: How Good Are We?" (2018), Oxford University Press
- Nivison, David S., "The Ways of Confucianism: Investigations into Chinese Philosophy", pp.203~213 (1996), Open Court
- Roetz, Heiner, "Confucian Ethics of the Axial Age" (1993), SUNY Press
- Rushton, J. Philippe, "Modeling, Vicarious Reinforcement and Extraversion on Blood Donating in Adults: Immediate and Long-Term Effects", European Journal of Social Psychology, 7(3), pp.297~306 (1977)
- Sachs, Joe, "Introduction to Poetics, by Aristotle", pp.1~18 (2006), Focus
- Sachs, Joe, "Glossary to Poetics, by Aristotle", pp.72~74 (2006), Focus
- Senyshyn, Yaroslav, "The Good and Its Relation to Music Education", Philosophy of Music Education Review, 16(2), pp.174~192 (2008)
- Sim, May, "Remastering Morals with Aristotle and Confucius" (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Slingerland, Edward, "Effortless Action: Wu-Wei As Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China" (2003), Oxford University Press
- Soles, David E., "The Nature and Grounds of Xunzi’s Disagreement with Mencius", Asian Philosophy, 9(2), pp.123~133 (1999)
- Strawson, P. F., "Freedom and Resentment", Proceedings from the British Academy, 48, pp.1~25 (1962)
- Sung, Winnie, "Yu in the Xunzi: Can Desire by Itself Motivate Action?", Dao, 11(3), pp.369~388 (2002)
- Tan, Sor-Hoon, "Imagining Confucius: Paradigmatic Character and Virtue Ethics", Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 32(3), pp.409~426 (2005)
- Tiwald, Justin, "Confucianism and Virtue Ethics: Still a Fledgling in Chinese and Comparative Philosophy", Comparative Philosophy, 1(2), pp.55~63 (2010)
- Van Norden, Bryan W., "Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early Chinese philosophy" (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Watson, Burton, "Han Feizi: Basic Writings" (2003), Columbia University Press
- Williams, Bernard, "World, Mind, and Ethics: Essays on the Ethical Philosophy of Bernard Williams", pp.185~224 (1995), Cambridge University Press
- Wilson, John, "Motivation, Model Attributes, and Prosocial Behavior", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(2), pp.458~468 (1984)
- Wong, Wai-Ying, "Virtue Ethics and Confucianism", pp.74~79 (2013), Routledge
- Yu, Jiyuan, "The Ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of Virtue" (2007), Routledge
- Zhong, Chen-Bo, "Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing", Science, 313(5792), pp.1451~1452 (2006)
- Ziporyn, Brook, trans., "Zhuangzi: The Essential Writings" (2009), Hackett
- Ziv, Naomi, "Music and Moral Judgment: The Effect of Background Music on the Evaluation of Ads Promoting Unethical Behavior", Psychology of Music, 40(6), pp.738~760 (2011)