메이지기(明治期) 국민교육과 전쟁·전쟁영웅 -창가(唱歌)교육을 중심으로-

Abstract

While the goal of early Meiji education including shōka education lay on founding common national ideology as formation of national polity and on making loyal subjects, after mid-Meiji era, that is the first Sino-Japanese War period, going through some wars, loyalty and patriotism appearing in texts for shōka education shows that shōka was used as the psychological and emotional tool to spread stories of militarism and loyal courage for enhancing loyal and patriotic ideology and fighting spirit. Also, shōka education took important roles not only in-class education through textbooks but also in various sites for enhancing fighting spirit and patriotism, such as militaristic exercise, athletic meeting, and so on. The original goal for which shōka was adopted into modern Japanese education system was to have perceptional feeling vigorous and mind delighted, to move mind happy, and to brace up good nature. However, shōka education in Meiji era was shifted from the early period for moral education focussing on emotional purity to the late period for educational tool to enhance loyalty, patriotism and fighting spirit. Needless to say, such a trend till the war defeat in 1945 became more severe with new media like radio broadcast and record distribution. This article, limiting its objective within Meiji era and mostly concerning shōka education, examines how education, especially shōka education, was related to establishing Japan's ideological identity in the early 20th century in which imperialism and militarism soared.