미국의 프라이버시와 개인정보보호 - 개인정보보호에 대한 유럽연합과의 차이를 중심으로 -
A Study on a Unique and Distinctive Culture (Law and Understanding) Regarding the Protections for Privacy in the U.S.
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미국에서의 사생활 공개에 관한 프라이버시의 보호, 곧 개인정보 보호는 “연방과 주의여러 개별적인 법들이 서로 합쳐진 형태(patchwork)로 일정한 개인정보의 프라이버시를보호한다. 미국은 공공 및 민간주체가 보유하는 개인정보를 보호하는 연방차원의 일반법은 존재하지 아니 한다. 민간주체가 개인정보를 수집하고 공개하는 것에 대하여 의회는 전반적으로 대처한 것이 아니라 개별적인 분야에 따라 대처해 왔기 때문에 미국의 법제는 원칙적으로 개인정보를 보호하는 것이 아니라 특별히 규율하는 분야의 개인정보만을 예외적으로 보호한다. 따라서 대부분의 개인정보는 이러한 개별적인 분야에 포함되지 않으므로 대부분의 개인정보가 법률에 의하여 보호받지 않는다. 따라서 개인정보를 보호하는 미국의 법제는 개별적인 분야마다 상업적인 이익과 프라이버시에 대한 이익과의 조화와 균형을 중시한다. 이에 반하여 유럽연합은 소비자와 프라이버시에 보다 더 치중하는 접근방법과 일반법에 의하여 규율하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 즉 유럽은 프라이버시를 기본권으로 파악하고 있다. 달리 말하면, 기본권이라고 하여 다른 권리에 우월하다는 것은 아니지만 경제적인 권리가프라이버시보다 우월하지는 않은 것으로 파악하고 있다. 이처럼 미국은 개인정보 보호를 위한 일반법이 존재하지 않으며, 의료, 금융, 신용평가등 개인정보가 사용되는 특정 산업이나 특정 분야에서 초점을 맞춘 법률에 의하여 개별적으로 협소하게 규율되고 있을 뿐이다. 이에 반하여, 유럽연합은 공공 및 민간을 모두 규율하는 일반법에 의하여 광범위하게 규율한다. 또한 EU는 프라이버시를 기본권으로 바라보고있으나 미국은 표현의 자유와 같은 다른 이익과 균형을 이루어야 하는 것으로 바라보고 있다. 또한 유럽연합의 개인정보법제는 법적 근거가 없는 경우에는 개인정보의 처리를 금지하지만, 미국의 개인정보법제는 피해를 야기하거나 법에 의하여 제한되지 않는 한 일반적으로 개인정보를 처리하도록 허용하고 있다. 이처럼 미국의 프라이버시와 개인정보 보호에 관한 현황을 살펴보는 것은 중요한 의미가 될 수 있다. 왜냐하면 과거에서부터 미국은 프라이버시에 대한 개념과 정의를 다양하게하고 있기 때문이다. 이 글에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 유럽에서의 프라이버시에 대한 정의는미국과는 다르다. 따라서 이 글에서는 미국의 프라이버시와 개인정보 보호에 관한 현황을소개하고, 유럽과 그 외의 국가들의 프라이버시와 개인정보보호에 관한 논의와 현황을 미국과 비교하여 살핀다.
Abstract
The U.S. Administrative bodies including Federal Trade Commission have been striking a balance between the socially beneficial uses of big data and the harms to privacy than can result from the analysis of the big data. The Korean government and other countries’ ones have been concentrated their efforts in order to achieve the balance between them. But there’s some distinctions about the concept and the notion of ‘Privacy’ among the countries. Particularly, the meanings of the ‘Privacy’ in the U.S. have long history and they are various compared to other countries such as Europe and Korea. Thus, this article deals with the concepts and definitions of the ‘Privacy’ in the United States. In order to provide the understanding of this, it first illustrates the Constitutional context under the U.S. laws and it also analyzes the courts decisions of the U.S.. Then it introduces the frameworks and regulating bodies to protect privacy. Specifically, it provides a fundamental principle and the laws to protect privacy in the U.S. and Europe. By recognizing these, it finally suggests the characteristics and the differences between the U.S. and the European countries regarding the privacy laws and policies.
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