해양 녹색기술 개발에 관한 국제법적 검토
Understanding of the green technology on the ocean in the international law
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해양 녹색기술(green technology)개발은 재생가능하고 환경친화적 방식의 과학기술을 해양에서 적용하려는 시도이다. 국가와 민간 사업체들은 해상 풍력발전, 해양 바이오에너지 생산 및 해양시비에 큰 관심을 갖고 있다. 현재 대다수의 해양 녹색기술은 아직 상용화에 앞서 실험, 연구하는 개발 초기단계로서, 이러한 상황에서 제기될 수 있는 주요 국제법적 쟁점은 두 가지이다. 첫 번째 쟁점은 해양 녹색기술 실험행위를 어떠한 해양활동으로 이해할 것인가이다. 유엔해양법협약은 해양과학조사에 대하여 구체적인 제한을 부과하지 않고 있기 때문에, 녹색기술 실험은 큰 문제없이 해양과학조사로 볼 수 있다. 반면, 최근 런던덤핑협약체제와 생물다양성협약 당사국회의의 결정은 해양 녹색기술을 수반한 과학조사의 규모, 장소 및 목적을 제한하고자 한다. 이와 같은 당사국회의의 결정은 기존의 해양과학조사 개념을 변화시키지 않지만, 과학조사 수행시 국가들이 고려할 수 있는 행동지침의 역할을 하게 된다. 둘째, 해양 녹색기술이 해양환경에 미치는 영향은 과학적으로 충분히 입증되지 않았다. 이와 같이 과학적 불확실성이 존재하는 경우, 사전주의원칙이 적용될 수 있다. 문제는 여러 조약상의 사전주의원칙이 서로 다르게 해석될 수 있다는 점이다. 따라서 사전주의원칙은 해양 녹색기술개발을 정당화하는 동시에, 개발을 막는 근거가 될 수 있다. 하지만 사전주의원칙을 사전주의적 조치를 요구하는 행위규칙이 아닌 절차적 기준으로 해석한다면, 협약간 모순된 법적 의무가 창출된다는 우려를 해소할 수 있다. 또한 다수 조약상의 사전주의원칙을 해석할 때, 조약법에 관한 비엔나협약 제31조 3항(c)과 조약간 조화로운 해석원칙에 따른다면, 해석상의 충돌 문제를 방지할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Many states and private sectors are making various efforts to develop green technologies on the ocean. They are considered as renewable and environmentally friendly technologies to use the sea and its resources (e.g. offshore wind farms, bioenergy production or ocean fertilization). While most green technologies are currently at an embryonic stage, it remains to see whether such technologies will be commercialized successfully. Given this situation, this research broaches two legal issues for the green technology development. First, this research addresses the legal nature of the experimental activities of green technologies on the ocean. Principally, it is reasonable to consider those activities as marine scientific research which is governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea because the Convention does not pose any specific limitations to the marine scientific research. However, the purpose, means and scope of the marine scientific research involving the green technology are regulated by the decisions provided under the Conferences of the Parties to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters, to its 2006 Protocol and to the Convention on Biological Diversity. These decisions from the Conferences do not modify legally the definition of marine scientific research. However, they can serve as guidelines that states are encouraged to consider in the application of green technology on the ocean. Secondly, the contemporary science suffers from lack of knowledge which assesses the possible impact of green technology on the marine environment. Therefore, the precautionary principle may be convincingly applicable to dealing with such scientific uncertainty. However, this principle could be controversial because conventions interpret it in different ways. To be specific, this principle in some conventions may work to justify the development of green technologies, whereas it in others seems to curb vigorous research activities on the ocean. This apparent discrepancy can be resolved if one interprets the precautionary principle as establishing procedural criteria, rather than as creating specific obligations of conduct. Furthermore, the Article 31(3)(c) of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the principle of harmonization could be another solution to avoid conflicting interpretation found in different conventions.
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