高麗時代 승정 제도의 구조와 기능

Abstract

In Goryeo, seungjeong 僧政 was the administrative process by which the state appointed monks to various Buddhist positions. This process was conducted before offering stateapproved Buddhist positions, including seunggye (“clerical rank” 僧階), seungjik (“clerical position” 僧職), sajasamun (“purple-robe-bestowed śramaṇa” 賜紫沙門), beopho (“precept titles” 法號), and saho (“master titles” 師號), to monks. The number of monks subject to the seungjeong process was highly limited; however, this appointment system enabled the state to exert extensive control over the entire Buddhist community. Seungjeong included the unique process of gathering opinions from Buddhists, called gongui 共議. Despite this distinction, the historical records in both Goryeo and Joseon reveal significant parallels between the seungjeong process and the appointment of regular state officials. The seungjeong process was under the purview of the Ministry of Personnel (Libu 吏部) in Goryeo, and this jurisdiction was inherited by the Section of Personnel (Lijo 吏曹) in Joseon. The recommendations gathered from Soen and Gyo schools were submitted to the Section of Rituals (Yejo 禮曹), which held authority over the Seungroksa 僧錄司—the institution responsible for managing the monastic registers of Goryeo monks. Finally, the recommendation was forwarded to the Lijo, where the final decision on the appointment of the monks was made before they were dispatched to their respective temples. During the reign of King Gongmin, members of the Jeongbang 政房 assumed control over the Buddhist personnel administration. This was because the task of seungjeong of Libu had been taken over by Jeongbang since the military regime period. These records demonstrate that the Buddhist and secular personnel administration had a parallel mechanism in Goryeo though seungjeong had the additional process of gongui. Moreover, the seungjeong process involved not only jeonju 銓注, the evaluation of candidates but also seokyung • daekan 署經 • 臺諫—the verification and certification of candidates. These were standard processes conducted by state personnel and inspection institutions, such as Libu and Daekan, to appoint ordinary state officials.