The production and perception of High-toned [il] by young speakers of Seoul Korean
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
High-toned [il] refers to a sound change in progress, where young speakers of Seoul Korean produce [il] in a high pitch. Previous studies show that [il] meaning ‘one’ tends to be produced with a high pitch and [il] meaning ‘work’ to be produced with a low pitch. Using production and perception experiments, this study investigates if the pitch difference between the meaning categories of [il] is categorical or not and if the production and perception of High-toned [il] vary by speakers’ age and gender. We find that the production of [il] ‘one’ is higher than the other meaning categories, but speakers born in the 1990s show less of a pitch difference between [il] ‘one’ and [il] ‘work’ than those born in the 1980s. The results of the perception experiment reveal that listeners show a tendency of selecting [il] ‘one’ when pitch is high, but they do not show a categorical curve in the identification of [il], indicating that the pitch difference among the meaning categories is not categorical. Also, the general identification by listeners born in the 1990s was less categorical than that made by the 1980s group. Considering the speakers born in the 1990s show less pitch difference between [il] ‘one’ and [il] ‘work’, as well as a rather flat identification curve in the identification task, and as there is little gender difference in both production and perception of [il], we suggest the High-toned [il] phenomenon is reaching completion. Lastly, we discuss the potential outcome of High-toned [il], along with the tonogenesis-like sound change in Seoul Korean.
Abstract
High-toned [il] refers to a sound change in progress, where young speakers of Seoul Korean produce [il] in a high pitch. Previous studies show that [il] meaning ‘one’ tends to be produced with a high pitch and [il] meaning ‘work’ to be produced with a low pitch. Using production and perception experiments, this study investigates if the pitch difference between the meaning categories of [il] is categorical or not and if the production and perception of High-toned [il] vary by speakers’ age and gender. We find that the production of [il] ‘one’ is higher than the other meaning categories, but speakers born in the 1990s show less of a pitch difference between [il] ‘one’ and [il] ‘work’ than those born in the 1980s. The results of the perception experiment reveal that listeners show a tendency of selecting [il] ‘one’ when pitch is high, but they do not show a categorical curve in the identification of [il], indicating that the pitch difference among the meaning categories is not categorical. Also, the general identification by listeners born in the 1990s was less categorical than that made by the 1980s group. Considering the speakers born in the 1990s show less pitch difference between [il] ‘one’ and [il] ‘work’, as well as a rather flat identification curve in the identification task, and as there is little gender difference in both production and perception of [il], we suggest the High-toned [il] phenomenon is reaching completion. Lastly, we discuss the potential outcome of High-toned [il], along with the tonogenesis-like sound change in Seoul Korean.
참고문헌 (38)
- "lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1" (2018)[URL]
- ". Version 6.0.37" (2017)[URL]
- Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo, "The Cambridge handbook of phonology", pp.497~517 (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Bybee, Joan L, "Morphology: A study of the relation between meaning and form" (1985), Benjamins
- Bybee, Joan L, "Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change", Language Variation and Change, 14, pp.261~290 (2002)
- Cho, Sunghye, "Development of pitch contrast and Seoul Korean intonation", PhD, pp.2017
- 조성혜, "The effect of the consonant-induced pitch on Seoul Korean intonation", 언어연구, 33(2), pp.299~317 (2016), 언어정보연구소[DOI]
- Cohen, Jonathan, "PsyScope:A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments", Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 25(2), pp.257~271 (1993)
- Hombert, Jean-Marie, "Tone: A linguistic survey", pp.77~112 (1978), Academic Press
- Hyman, Larry, "Tone: A linguistic survey", pp.257~269 (1978), Academic Press
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "The phonetics and phonology of Korean prosody" (1993), The Ohio State University
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "The influence of the microprosody on the macroprosody: A case of phrase initial strengthening", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 92, pp.97~116 (1996)
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "The Accentual Phrase in the Korean prosodic hierarchy", Phonology, 15(2), pp.189~226 (1998)
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "Korean-ToBI labeling conventions", UCLA working papers in phonetics, 99, pp.149~173 (2000)
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "Japanese-Korean Linguistics 14" (2006), CSLI
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "Tones and tunes: Studies in word and sentence prosody", pp.143~167 (2007), Mouton de Gruyter
- Jun, Sun-Ah, "Prosodic marking of complex NP focus, syntax, and the pre-", post-focusing string, 2011, 214~230
- in Seoul Korean, "Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS)", 2011, ~
- in Korean: Phonetics, intonational phonology, and sound change, "Journal of Phonetics", 2015, 93~108
- Kang, Yoonjung, "Voice Onset Time merger and development of tonal contrast in Seoul Korean stops: A corpus study", Journal of Phonetics, 45, pp.76~90 (2014)
- Kim, Midam, "Correlation between VOT and F0 in the perception of Korean stops and affricates", Interspeech 2004 – 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp.49~52 (2004)
- Kim, Mi-Ryoung, "The contribution of consonantal and vocalic information to the perception of Korean initial stops", Journal of Phonetics, 30, pp.77~100 (2002)
- Kingston, John, "The Blackwell Companion to Phonology", pp.2304~2333 (2011), Blackwell Publishing
- Labov, William, "The child as linguistic historian", Language Variation and Change, 1, pp.1~57 (1989)
- Labov, William, "The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change", Language Variation and Change, 2, pp.205~254 (1990)
- Labov, William, "Principles of linguistic change, vol. 1: Internal factors" (1994), Blackwell
- Labov, William, "Principles of linguistic change, vol. 2: Social factors" (2001), Blackwell
- Labov, William, "Transmission and diffusion", Language, 83(2), pp.344~387 (2007)
- Liberman, Mark, "Language sound structure", pp.157~233 (1984), MIT Press
- Matisoff, James, "Consonant types and tone (Southern California occasional papers in linguistics)", pp.71~95 (1973), Linguistic Program, University of Southern California
- Oh, Eunjin, "Effects of speaker gender on voice onset time in Korean stops", Journal of Phonetics, 39, pp.59~67 (2011)
- Pierrehumbert, Janet, "Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure", pp.137~157 (2001), Benjamins
- "R: A language and environment for statistical computing" (2018)[URL]
- Silva, David J, "Acoustic evidence for the emergence of tonal contrast in contemporary Korean", Phonology, 23, pp.287~308 (2006)
- Thurgood, Graham, "Vietnamese and tonogenesis", Diachronica, 19, pp.333~363 (2002)
- Van Herk, G, "What is sociolinguistics" (2012), Wiley-Blackwell
- Wright, Jonathan D, "Laryngeal contrast in Seoul Korean", PhD, pp.2007
- Yoon, Tae-Jin, "A forced-aligned-based study of declarative sentence-ending ‘ta’ in Korean", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2012 (2012), Tongji University Press