텍스트로서의 도시와 시어도어 드라이저의 『시스터 캐리』 ― 도시와 인간의 관계를 중심으로
Cities as Texts and Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie: Centering on the Relationships between Cities and Human beings
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근대에 이르러 인위적으로 형성된 구조물인 도시는 다윈과 스펜서의 반 인간중심주의 덕분에 자신을 언급하고 자신을 반영하는 텍스트로 변모하게 되었다. 도시는 많은 텍스트들 속에서 도시를 의미하는 집합체가 되고, 도시에 대한 이미지를 만들어냄으로써 텍스트화 되었기 때문이다. 미국의 도시를 어느 작가보다도 먼저 분석하고 도시의 아름다움과 도시 생활의 잔인한 생리를 가장 정확하게 포착한 시어도어 드라이저는 『시스터 캐리』를 통해 이런 도시를 묘사한다. 이 작품에서 도시는 하나의 유기체 역할을 함으로써 능동적인 계략가로서의 모습을 보여주기도 하고, 도시와 도시의 거주자들 간의 상호작용을 통해 다각적인 도시의 속성을 보여주기도 한다. 이 작품의 여자 주인공 캐리와 남자 주인공 허스트우드는 실험실의 시약처럼 도시의 속성을 도시의 거주자로서 구현함으로써, 도시의 어둔 속성과 밝은 속성을 심층적으로 보여준다. 드라이저는 문학 텍스트 속에 있는 도시가 주체적으로 자신을 말하는 이 작품을 통해 도시의 문화적 지배와 가치 체계에 대해 의문을 제기하면서 문학과 문화의 교차와 통섭을 꾀한다고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
In the modern age, due to Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer's anti-humanism, the city which is built artificially reveals its own origin in the middle of the unconscious, involuntary and mechanical process, mentions itself, and finally transforms as a text which can be read. For it becomes to play a role as a text by making its collective meaning and imagery. Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945), earlier than any other writers, analyzes American city, focuses on the beauty of the city and catches the fundamental principle of the city life exactly. He describes a series of attributes of it through his novel, Sister Carrie. In this work, the city is shown as an active seducer or a persuasive tricker by playing a role as an organic body. It also reveals its own many-sided characters through the reciprocal actions between its residents and itself. Here, it is not only physical mechanism. It is a spokesman of human minds which contain human values, desire, emotion and attitude. For the American modern city from the late 19th century to the early 20th century which is based on industrialization, mechanization, productivity and consumption is a major contributor that embodiments the trend of its residents' psychology and their desire's dynamic change. And the humans who are living in it, with having its own characteristics and being influenced by it, are captured by the urban desire, The heroine, Carrie and the hero, Hurstwood of the work who are its residents show its dark side and its bright side deeply as reagents in the laboratory in that respect. While the city, as an individual, is friendly to Carrie, it is unfriendly and cruel to Hurstwood, and as the result, they have gone to the extremes of rising and falling or success and ruin since the starting point of their affection. It means the ambivalent juxtaposition or cross of the city or urban culture and dramatization of the city's diverse properties. For the city tempts with promise and mystery but it has the well of despair under its surface. Dreiser, therefore, tries to make fusion and conciliation by suggesting the questions about the cultural dominance of the city and its value systems.
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