Neue Heimat or Constructing the Old Town - The Example of Cologne, 1930–1960
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Cologne was among the German cities that suffered the greatest war damage. For its reconstruction after 1945, a middle path was chosen. Influenced by organic urban planning, a guiding ideal of the 1930s, Rudolf Schwarz, the head of Cologne’s urban planning authority, sought to chart a course of modernization that emphasized improvements to the city’s transportation infrastructure in order to reunite the city with the areas surrounding it in a new urban landscape. In the city center, he retained traditional structural features such as the city’s general layout and the subdivision into neighborhoods and parcels and sought to stage important monuments as cores that would define the city’s identity. Beyond these features, however, he envisioned new buildings in contemporary—which is to say, moderately modernist—forms. Monument conservationists opposed to these plans successfully lobbied for a largely “faithful” historicist reconstruction of the neighborhood around Great St. Martin’s. Situated by the Rhine and near the cathedral and containing the city’s former economic center, the Old Market Square, the neighborhood was subject to more rigorous reconstruction requirements: new buildings had to reproduce the cubature and roof shape, the materials and segmentation elements of traditional architectural forms. Numerous reconstructions, historicizing designs, and the use of spolia from buildings slated for demolition led to the creation of a fairly homogeneous island of tradition that remains popular with locals and tourists. There is a peculiar prehistory to this success won by monument conservationists: the careful reconstruction of the prewar face of the St. Martin neighborhood effectively recreated a state of affairs that had been the product of extensive rehabilitation efforts launched under the National Socialists. Beginning in the 1930s, these efforts, flanked by interventive construction work and the demolition of auxiliary buildings, had produced entirely new urban spaces. In conjunction with resettlement policies aimed at ethnic purity, they first created the showcase neighborhood in the city’s historic center that then rose again after the destructions of the war with the assistance of monument conservation.
Abstract
Cologne was among the German cities that suffered the greatest war damage. For its reconstruction after 1945, a middle path was chosen. Influenced by organic urban planning, a guiding ideal of the 1930s, Rudolf Schwarz, the head of Cologne’s urban planning authority, sought to chart a course of modernization that emphasized improvements to the city’s transportation infrastructure in order to reunite the city with the areas surrounding it in a new urban landscape. In the city center, he retained traditional structural features such as the city’s general layout and the subdivision into neighborhoods and parcels and sought to stage important monuments as cores that would define the city’s identity. Beyond these features, however, he envisioned new buildings in contemporary—which is to say, moderately modernist—forms. Monument conservationists opposed to these plans successfully lobbied for a largely “faithful” historicist reconstruction of the neighborhood around Great St. Martin’s. Situated by the Rhine and near the cathedral and containing the city’s former economic center, the Old Market Square, the neighborhood was subject to more rigorous reconstruction requirements: new buildings had to reproduce the cubature and roof shape, the materials and segmentation elements of traditional architectural forms. Numerous reconstructions, historicizing designs, and the use of spolia from buildings slated for demolition led to the creation of a fairly homogeneous island of tradition that remains popular with locals and tourists. There is a peculiar prehistory to this success won by monument conservationists: the careful reconstruction of the prewar face of the St. Martin neighborhood effectively recreated a state of affairs that had been the product of extensive rehabilitation efforts launched under the National Socialists. Beginning in the 1930s, these efforts, flanked by interventive construction work and the demolition of auxiliary buildings, had produced entirely new urban spaces. In conjunction with resettlement policies aimed at ethnic purity, they first created the showcase neighborhood in the city’s historic center that then rose again after the destructions of the war with the assistance of monument conservation.
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