청동기시대 화천지역 물질문화의 전개와 지역적 특색
Development of Material Culture in the Bronze Age of the Hwacheon Region and Its Regional Characteristics
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화천지역의 청동기시대 제I-1단계는 소형 위석식노지 주거지기로 기원전 12세기, 제I-2단계는 중형과 대형 위석식노지 주거지기로 기원전 11세기, 제II단계는 위석식노지+지면식노지 주거지기로 기원전 10～9세기, 제III-1단계는 세장방형 수혈식노지 주거지기로 기원전 8세기, 제III-2단계는 능형석촉 출현기로 기원전 7세기, 제IV-1단계는 일단병식석검 출현기로 기원전 6세기, 제IV-2단계는 점토다짐면 주거지 출현기로 기원전 5세기, 제V-1단계는 검병두식 출현기로 기원전 4세기, 제V-2단계는 점토대토기문화 유물요소 출현기로 기원전 3세기 초엽～후엽, 제VI단계는 초소형 주거지기로 기원전 3세기 말엽～2세기 말엽이다. 화천지역에서는 제III단계에 팽이형토기문화의 팽이형토기편, 제V-2단계에 점토대토기문화의 유물요소가 확인된다. 이 유물들은 화천지역이 광주산맥 북쪽의 서북한 등지와의 교류망을 통해 유입된 것이 아니라 북한강을 통해 서로 연접되어 있는 춘천분지와의 교류망을 통해 유입된 것이다. 화천지역은 춘천분지와의 교류망을 통해 제V-2단계에 인구가 급증하였다. 그러나 생태환경의 제약과 북한강 교류망의 말단에 위치하고 있었던 까닭에, 춘천분지와는 달리 청동기시대 말기까지 묘역식지석묘 등이 대규모로 조성되거나 청동기의 사용과 부장이 가시화되지는 못하였는데, 이 점 이 지역의 독특한 지역색이라 할 수 있다.
Abstract
The Bronze Age in the Hwacheon region can be divided into several stages based on dwelling and cultural artifacts. The Stage I-1 corresponds to small stone-lined hearth dwellings dating back to the 12th century BCE, while Stage I-2 includes medium and large stone-lined hearth dwellings from the 11th century BCE. Stage II represents a combination of stone-lined hearth and ground-level dwellings during the 10th-9th centuries BCE. Stage III-1 is characterized by rectangular pit dwellings with vertical hearths, which emerged around the 8th century BCE. Stage III-2 marks the appearance of lozenge-shaped stone arrowheads during the 7th century BCE. Stage IV-1 features the appearance of stone daggers with single-edged blades around the 6th century BCE. Stage IV-2 is characterized by the appearance of clay-packed surface dwellings around the 5th century BCE. Stage V-1, which occurs in the 4th century BCE, is marked by the appearance of dagger pommel fittings. Stage V-2, dating from the early to late 3rd century BCE, witnesses the emergence of artifacts associated with the clay-heavy pottery culture. Finally, Stage VI, from the late 3rd century BCE to the late 2nd century BCE, is marked by the appearance of tiny dwellings. In the Hwacheon region, during Stage III, fragments of top-shaped pottery associated with the spindle-shaped pottery culture were found, and in Stage V-2, elements of the clay-heavy pottery culture were confirmed. These cultural elements did not come from exchanges through the northwestern areas, such as the north of the Gwangju Mountains, but rather through exchange networks with the Chuncheon Basin to the south, connected by the Bukhan River. Due to this interaction, the population of the Hwacheon region saw a significant increase during Stage V-2. However, unlike the Chuncheon Basin, large-scale dolmen grave sites and the visible use of bronze items did not emerge until the end of the Bronze Age, which can be attributed to ecological constraints and the region's position at the periphery of the Bukhan River exchange network. This absence of large-scale burial sites and bronze usage represents a unique regional characteristic of the Hwacheon area.