자연과학적 분석을 통한 논산 관촉사석조미륵보살입상(論山 灌燭寺 石造彌勒菩薩立像) 청동풍탁(靑銅風鐸)의 제작 기법 연구

Abstract

The wind chime is a longstanding Jangeomgu (majestic article) found in Korea, China, and Japan. However, basicresearch on wind chimes is currently inadequate as it is difficult to estimate the time of production, and there arefew relics. Therefore, this research morphologically classifies the eight bronze wind chimes decorating the baldachinof the Stone Standing Maitreya Bodhisattva of Gwanchoksa Temple, Nonsan. Based on this, the manufacturingtechniques and production period are scientifically demonstrated. The synthesis of the research results reveals that the structure and characteristics of the wind chimes of theStone Standing Maitreya Bodhisattva of Gwanchoksa Temple, Nonsan differ depending on their location on thebaldachin. The four large-sized wind chimes on the lower-baldachin were manufactured by casting a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy,and they are estimated to have been made during the early period of Goryeo. The two medium-sized wind chimesof the upper-baldachin’s northern direction were manufactured through forging a Cu-Sn or Cu-Sn-Pb alloy, and theyappear to have a similar structure to the cylindrical wind chimes appearing during the latter period of Goryeo andthe Joseon period. The two small-sized wind chimes of the upper-baldachin’s southern direction were manufacturedby casting a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy containing Zn, and based on the chemical composition of the alloy and the shape of theclapper, they are estimated to have been manufactured during the latter period of Joseon. Through the observationof microstructures and a chemical composition analysis, it is demonstrated that two wind chimes of the lowerbaldachinwere manufactured by casting and slow cooling the alloy with an alloy ratio of Cu:Sn:Pb≒80:15:5. Inaddition, it is estimated that the wind chimes of the upper-baldachin’s northeast direction were manufactured byforging an alloy of Cu-Sn with a similar alloy ratio to that of forged high tin bronze. The results of a comparative analysis of prior research on domestic wind chimes confirm that two wind chimesof the lower-baldachin have a similar composition ratio to the wind chime excavated from Wolnamsaji in Gangjin,containing an amount of tin that corresponds with ancient records. Having a similar alloy ratio to forged high tinbronze, the wind chimes of the upper-baldachin’s northeast direction are the only instances among all of the windchimes that have been examined to date that were manufactured using this forging method. The purpose of this research is to collect baseline data to verify and classify the manufacturing period of windchimes according to their morphological characteristics based on scientific evidence. It is hoped that this data can be utilized for the restoration and conservation processes of the wind chimes of the Stone Standing MaitreyaBodhisattva of Gwanchoksa Temple, Nonsan.