영국에서의 신종교연구의 최근 경향 －스코틀랜드 구도자의 사례를 중심으로－
Recent Trends in the Study of New Religions in UK - Cases of Seeker's Communities in Scotland -
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본고에서 필자는 최근 영국사회에서 나타나고 있는 신종교현상으로서 구도자의 사례를 살펴보았다. 영국에서 신종교연구는 과거 영국 식민지였던 아프리카 신종교에 대한 연구와 원시부족에 대한 연구에서 큰 두각을 나타내었으며, 최근에는 ‘컬트’에서 ‘신종교’ 다시 ‘영성’으로의 전환을 계기로 인류학자와 사회학자를 중심으로 대안 종교들에 대한 폭 넓은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 필자는 영국에서의 현장조사경험(2003-2006)을 토대로 2차 문헌으로 정보를 보강하고 그 의미를 해석하는 방식으로 구도자 공동체의 두 가지 사례를 분석했다. 스코틀랜드 남부의 샐리스베리 센터는 구도자들의 다양한 취향을 만족시키기 위하여 매년 전인적인 균형과 성장 그리고 건강을 유지할 수 있는 프로그램이 제공되고 있다. 성속의 구별보다는 성속의 연관성 특히 상호보완성을 강조하는 포교방식을 채택함으로써 기성종교인들과 종교적 탐색자들에게 큰 호응을 얻고 있다. 반면에 스코틀랜드 북부에 위치해 있는 핀드혼 공동체는 지역적 고립성과 이상촌 프로젝트의 영향을 받아 장단기 주거 프로그램을 개발하여 독특한 신념, 의례, 공동체의 체계를 잡아가고 있다. 영국의 신종교현상 가운데 구도자들은 조직적인 운동으로 발전하기보다는 개별적인 특성에 따라 비체계적인 사유 속에 개인의 초월적 능력을 개발하는 방향으로 전개될 것이다. 필자는 이러한 현상을 새로운 영국 ‘식민지’의 도래로 평가하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper is intended to examine the cases of seekers as phenomena of new religious movements (NRM) in UK. Historically, the studies of new religions in the British colonies of Africa and primal societies including Asia, America, and the Pacific areas have been the main concerns and fields in the study of NRM in UK. Recently anthropologists and sociologists contribute to the deep and wide research on NRM. The concept has changed from 'cult' through 'NRM' to 'spirituality.' The authors analyze two cases of seekers in Scotland based on his field works(2003-2006) and secondary sources. The Salisbury Centre in Southern Scotland attract many seekers by offering various programmes of yoga, meditation, dance, art, diet, massage, festival and concert annually. Reconnecting the sacred with the secular, the Centre plays a role of satisfying the needs of seekers. On the other hand, the Findhorn Community in Northern Scotland gives seekers a chance to experience the life and thought of its community through experience week, which the authors explore in terms of activities and communicational skills. It forms more concrete systems of belief, action, and community than Salisbury Centre. In conclusion, the NRM of seekers is not a systematic movement but an individual quest for the transcendence of self. The authors regard these phenomena of seekers as the new beginning of the British colonies in a religious sense.
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