‘풍류도(風流道)’, ‘화랑(花郞)’에 대한 의미론적·비교언어학적 연구 －‘風流道’와 ‘佛道’, ‘花郞’과 ‘和尙’의 대응 관계를 중심으로

Abstract

This study researched the meanings of “風流道” and “花郞” by analyzing their semantic components within the framework of structural semantics and exploring sound-meaning correspondences within the framework of comparative linguistics. The pairs “風流”/“風月” and “花郞”/“花娘” represent the same objects with different Chinese characters that have the same or similar sounds, and they are difficult to interpret based on the meaning of the Chinese characters. For this reason, they appear to be phonetic borrowings. Therefore, we chose to reconstruct their meanings by identifying their semantic components rather than by interpreting the Chinese characters. The semantic components of “風流道” were extracted as [Buddhist countries], [founded by Buddhists], [Tao (道)], and [Buddhist Tao]; thus, the meaning of “風流道” was reconstructed as “Buddhism (佛道).” The semantic components of “花郞,” including the semantic components of “風流道” (e.g., [Buddhist Tao]), were extracted as “leader of the 風流道,” “incarnation of Maitreya,” and “head of education,” and the term means “Buddhist monk(和尙).” Turning to the comparative analysis of the sounds of Chinese characters, “風流” and “風月” are written as “風+ㄹ(l),” and this sound can be reconstructed as /pul/, /puʌl/ or /pwʌl/ based on the Chinese “儿化”, semi-syllabic(反切) transcription (“風月”), which corresponds to the sound of “佛.” Therefore, “風流道” and “風月道” are judged to reflect the Silla (or Goryeo) sound of “佛道.” Based on Chinese dialects and the preface of the Dongguk Jeongun (『東國正韻』), “尙” and “郞” correspond to each other, so “花郞” is judged to be the Silla (or Goryeo) sound corresponding to “和尙.” Furthermore, since “和” and “花” were recorded as representing a labial sound ([v]) Old Chinese, and the percentage of labial sounds such as [f], [v], and [ɸ] corresponding to “ㅂ” in modern Chinese dialects is 32% and 43%, respectively, “花郞” is thought to correspond to Tibetan “blama” and Sanskrit “Brāhma.” “花郞” also corresponds to the Chinese dialectal /ɬɐŋ/ for “僧” (“lama”), the colloquial form of Tibetan and Mongolian “blama (blam-a).” Based on this research, Silla Buddhism, which was systematized around 花郞, who was respected as an incarnation of Maitreya, is “風流道.” It is judged that King Jinheung sought to strengthen his royal authority by establishing himself as a chakravartin who controlled both 花郞 and 風流道.